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Chapitre D'ouvrage Année : 2023

Contacts Networks in Bell Beaker Europe

Réseaux de contacts dans l’Europe campaniforme

Résumé

The Florentine area (more specifically the municipality of Sesto Fiorentino) appears as one of the regions with the highest number of Bell Beaker evidences in the Italian peninsula. The archaeological investigation brought to light a number of settlements with occupation phases attributable to the Bell Beaker and Epi-Bell Beaker, as well as to the local Pre-Bell Beaker Copper Age. Previous researches have revealed an evolutionary sequence of the local Bell Beaker, based on the analysis of ceramic and lithic materials, confirmed by stratigraphic as well as radiometric data. The data from the techno-typological analysis of Bell Beaker lithic productions provide the opportunity to broaden our knowledge on the evolutionary trends of the Bell Beaker in the Florentine area (between the importance of local tradition and external stimuli), as well as on its relationships of the other Italian and European regions. As a matter of fact, while the pottery (especially the decorated one) is more sensitive to external stimuli, lithic production is less affected by these influences and can be a useful tool to better grasp the real weight of the relationships between Bell Beaker groups of different regions. Bell Beaker lithic industries of Florentine area are characterized by the simplification of chaînes opératoires, aimed at small flakes production, which is a feature shared by all lithic productions of the 3rd millennium BCE, however they also show some peculiarities. One of the most important concerns the procurement strategies and raw materials exploitation; in the lithic production of Florentine area the exploitation of high-quality raw materials distant several tens of kilometres from the site is attested. A comparable procurement strategy has already been observed in several lithic industries of Northern Italy (especially of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Veneto regions), thus showing that the quality is an important criterion in raw materials selection. These high-quality flints are often employed in regular bladelets production; the existence of a bladelets production on site (sometimes carried out by pressure or percussion technique) is another important feature that distinguishes the lithic production of Northern and Central Italy from those of other regions, such as South-Eastern France. However, the similarities between Bell Beaker lithic productions of Florentine area and those of Northern Italy regions might not be due to influences between Bell Beaker groups of these regions, but to be an evolution linked to local traditions; connections between Bell Beaker and Pre-Bell Beaker lithic productions have been hypothesised for some Northern Italy regions (Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy), and we can perhaps assume also for the Bell Beaker lithic production of Florentine area the possibly existence of a link with the local tradition (as already observed for the Common Ware). A proof of contacts (direct or mediated) between groups of different regions is however represented by the presence in the lithic assemblages of Florentine area of elements in high-quality flints from Marche and (maybe) Lessini areas, which seems to demonstrate the existence of raw materials circulation networks (which are already active previously). The comparison between Bell Beaker lithic productions of Florentine area (and, more generally, of Northern and Central Italy) and those of South-Eastern France shows some significant differences. Features of lithic industries seem to suggest that influences between Bell Beaker groups of these regions are not close and, above all, that would seem to be not reciprocal. As a matter of facts, as regards of lithic productions, if Italian influences in South-Eastern France could be indicated by occurrence of microlithic crescents (which are absent in France before the Bell Beaker period, whereas are attested in Italy as early as the Pre-Bell Beaker phases), conversely items testifying French influences in Northern and Central Italy seem not to be attested. Nevertheless, this does not mean that there are no relationships between Bell Beaker groups of these regions, but probably they are not very deep, and we can see them only as regards the pottery. More similarities can be found with the Bell Beaker lithic productions of Central and Eastern Europe, such as the occurrence of bladelets production (often carried out by pressure or indirect percussion technique) in a few sites of Moravia and the presence of hollow base arrowheads (typical of Eastern Bell Beaker) in lithic toolkits of Northern and Central Italy where, however, they are already attested in Pre-Bell Beaker assemblages. In the Florentine area influences from Central and Eastern Europe have been detected in the pottery, especially as regards the step 3 of Bell Beaker of the Florentine area. The question of possible influences from Central and Eastern Europe in lithic productions of Northern and Central Italy remains open and still to be evaluated because of the limited data available on Central and Eastern European Bell Beaker lithic industries, especially from domestic contexts. It is probable that the role of these influences differs region by region. The Bell Beaker phenomenon is characterized by contacts, exchanges and relationships, even over long distances, between cultural contexts able to knowledge sharing and the adoption of innovative stimuli. In the Florentine area, a cultural framework emerges in which the local tradition appears permeable to external influences, ready to make possible transformations and re-elaborations of ways of life and knowledge that would eventually lead it to assume more cosmopolitan features. Bell Beaker groups of Florentine area establish relationships with groups of different regions, whose role changes during the different steps of local Bell Beaker. If this cosmopolitanism is more evident in the decorated pottery, Common Ware and probably lithic production would seem more linked to Pre-Bell Beaker local tradition.
Les données sur les productions lithiques campaniformes de l’aire florentine fournissent des informations utiles à l’amélioration des connaissances, que ce soit sur les réseaux de contacts et d’influences qui se développent dans la seconde moitié du IIIe millénaire avant notre ère entre groupes campaniformes implantés dans des régions distantes l’une de l’autre, ou sur les relations entre les groupes campaniformes de l’aire florentine et les communautés précampaniformes locales. Si la céramique (notamment la céramique décorée) est plus sensible aux apports et aux stimuli extérieurs, les productions lithiques sont moins affectées par ces influences et permettent de mieux saisir la réelle ampleur des relations entre les groupes campaniformes de différentes régions italiennes et européennes. Les industries lithiques campaniformes de l’aire florentine montrent plusieurs similitudes avec celles de l’Italie septentrionale, concernant principalement les modalités d’approvisionnement et d’exploitation des matières premières, et l’existence d’un débitage lamellaire sur place, parfois effectué par pression ou percussion indirecte. S’il ne faut pas oublier le poids des traditions locales, la présence d’éléments en silex de bonne qualité d’origine très lointaine dans les séries florentines, témoignant de l’existence de réseaux de circulation de matières premières, représente un indice de contacts (directs ou indirects) entre des groupes de différentes régions. Les données sur la céramique indiquent que l’aire florentine montre des relations avec plusieurs régions européennes : la région rhodano-rhénane, la région méditerranéenne (sud-est de la France) et l’Europe centrale et orientale. En ce qui concerne les productions lithiques, s’il est possible d’observer des analogies avec les industries de l’Europe centre-orientale dont la nature et l’ampleur demeurent toutefois encore à évaluer, les contacts avec la production lithique campaniforme du sud-est de la France semblent très limités.
I dati sulle produzioni litiche campaniformi dell’area fiorentina offrono informazioni utili per migliorare le nostre conoscenze sia sulle reti di contatti e influenze che si svilupparono nella seconda metà del III millennio a.C. tra gruppi campaniformi insediati in regioni distanti tra loro, sia sulle relazioni tra i gruppi campaniformi dell’area fiorentina e le comunità locali precampaniformi locali. Se la ceramica (in particolare quella decorata) è più sensibile agli apporti e agli stimoli esterni, le produzioni litiche risentono meno di queste influenze e permettono di cogliere meglio la reale portata delle relazioni tra gruppi campaniformi di diverse regioni italiane ed europee. Le industrie litiche campaniformi dell’area fiorentina presentano diverse analogie con quelle dell’Italia settentrionale, soprattutto per quanto riguarda le modalità di approvvigionamento e sfruttamento delle materie prime e l’esistenza di una produzione lamellare in situ, talvolta effettuata tramite pressione o percussione indiretta. Sebbene occorra tenere conto del peso delle tradizioni locali, la presenza nelle industrie fiorentine di elementi in selce di buona qualità di origine molto lontana, che testimoniano l’esistenza di reti di circolazione delle materie prime, rappresenta un’indicazione di contatti (diretti o mediati) tra gruppi di regioni diverse. I dati ceramici mostrano che l’area fiorentina è coinvolta in relazioni con diverse regioni europee: l’area rodano-renana, quella mediterranea (sud-est della Francia) e l’Europa centrale e orientale. Per quanto riguarda le produzioni litiche, è possibile osservare analogie con le industrie dell’Europa centro-orientale (la cui natura ed entità rimangono ancora da valutare), mentre i contatti con la produzione litica campaniforme del sud-est della Francia sembrerebbero piuttosto limitati.
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hal-04454867 , version 1 (15-02-2024)

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Isabella Matera, Lucia Sarti. Réseaux de contacts dans l’Europe campaniforme : L’aire florentine (Florence, Italie) et ses relations extra-régionales. Hiatus, lacunes et absences : identifier et interpréter les vides archéologiques, Actes du 29e Congrès préhistorique de France, 31 mai-4 juin 2021, Toulouse, Société préhistorique française, pp.79-98, 2023. ⟨hal-04454867⟩
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