Over the last decade, several research programs have been involved in studying the socioecological history of the Pyrenean Mountains using sedimentary records preserved in lakes and bogs. Their main focus was on understanding human exploitation of natural resources and its environmental consequences. Recovering these “memories” buried for thousands of years in sediments requires interdisciplinary efforts dealing with the analysis of a large number of bio-indicators. The study of those bio-indicators has become a multi-proxy process which combines the classical study of fossil pollen and spores with macro-charcoal (size >150 m m) and nonpollen palynomorphs (algae, fungal spores, etc.) data.