We present calculations of the one-loop vacuum polarization contribution (Uehling potential) for the two-center problem in the NRQED formalism. The cases of hydrogen molecular ions (Z1 = Z2 = 1) as well as antiprotonic helium (Z1 = 2, Z2 = −1) are considered. Numerical results of the vacuum polarization contribution at mα7 order for the fundamental transitions (v = 0, L = 0) → (v ′ = 1, L ′ = 0) in H2+ and HD+ are presented.