Article Dans Une Revue Food Risk Assess Europe Année : 2025

Scientific Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the establishment of dietary guidelines for people following a diet that excludes some or all foods of animal origin (vegetarians)

1 EREN [CRESS - U1153 / UMR_A 1125] - Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team | Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle
2 EPOPé [CRESS - U1153 / UMR_A 1125] - Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology | Épidémiologie Obstétricale, Périnatale et Pédiatrique
3 DMEM - Dynamique du Muscle et Métabolisme
4 iPLESP - Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique
5 GHU - AP-HP. Sorbonne Université
6 CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP]
7 PNCA (UMR 0914) - Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire
8 CHU Tenon [AP-HP]
9 FSVO - Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office
10 ALIM-H - Département Alimentation Humaine - INRAE
11 UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur]
12 CESP - Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations
13 CHUGA - CHU de Grenoble-Alpes - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU Grenoble
14 UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes
15 C2VN - Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition = Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition research
16 PERITOX - Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques - UMR INERIS_I 1 UPJV
17 UNIMES - Nîmes Université
18 APSY-V - Laboratoire Activités Physiques et Sportives et processus PSYchologiques : recherches sur les Vulnérabilités - Nîmes Université
19 CSG - Centre des Sciences du Goût
20 CRNL - Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center
21 UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne
22 UNH - Unité de Nutrition Humaine
23 Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie (CHU de Dijon)
24 CHU Clermont-Ferrand
25 IBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose
26 Université de Clermont-Ferrand
27 DER - Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques

Résumé

This document presents the opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), established from the work of its Working Group on Vegetarian diets and validated by its Expert Committee on Human Nutrition. ANSES issued an internal request to establish dietary guidelines for people who follow a diet that excludes some or all foods of animal origin. Firstly, ANSES conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature to identify epidemiological links between health and various types of vegetarian diets. This systematic review showed that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is lower with vegetarian than with non‐vegetarian diets. With a lower level of evidence, vegetarians are less likely than non‐vegetarians to develop certain diseases, such as ischaemic heart disease, ovulation disorders, certain types of cancer (prostate, stomach, blood) and certain ophthalmological and gastro‐intestinal diseases. However, they are at greater risk of bone fractures and hypospadias (congenital malformation of the urethra). The epidemiological studies examined showed that vegetarians have a less favourable nutritional status in iron, iodine and vitamins B12 and D, and a poorer calcium and phosphorus balance than non‐vegetarians. Vegans also have a less favourable nutritional status in vitamin B2. ANSES then used dietary optimisation to identify combinations of food groups (state variables) enabling the set objectives to be met, i.e. to reduce nutritional and toxicological risks, while deviating as little as possible from current consumption habits. All the nutritional and toxicological constraints and the criteria (minimisations or maximisations) made it possible to take account of the risks associated with nutrient intakes or exposure to contaminants, as well as the expected nutritional benefits. The systematic review and establishment of dietary guidelines using an optimisation tool show that the lacto‐ovo‐vegetarian diet requires particular attention regarding certain nutrients for which requirements in terms of vitamin D and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids may not be met. The risk of requirements not being met by the lacto‐ovo‐vegetarian diet is greater than that associated with the diet of non‐vegetarian populations. In addition, lacto‐ovo‐vegetarians limiting their intake of milk and fresh dairy products may not be able to cover their vitamin B12 requirements. Furthermore, with the vegan diet, which excludes all foods of animal origin, it is difficult to meet the dietary reference value for zinc in men.

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Complète anses-05175647 Rapport Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Benjamin Allès, Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain, Christine Feillet-Coudray, Nathanaël Lapidus, et al.. Avis de l'Anses relatif à l’établissement de repères alimentaires destinés aux personnes suivant un régime d’exclusion de tout ou partie des aliments d’origine animale. Saisine n°2019-SA-0118, Anses. 2025, 46 p. ⟨anses-05175647⟩

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hal-05329398 , version 1 (01-12-2025)

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Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Benjamin Allès, Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain, Christine Feillet-Coudray, Nathanael Lapidus, et al.. Scientific Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the establishment of dietary guidelines for people following a diet that excludes some or all foods of animal origin (vegetarians). Food Risk Assess Europe, 2025, 3 (4), ⟨10.2903/fr.efsa.2025.FR-0074⟩. ⟨hal-05329398⟩
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