Enantiopurity by directed evolution of crystallization behaviour and nonequilibrium conditions
Résumé
Ever since the first sorting of enantiomers by Louis Pasteur, crystallization has become a powerful method for isolating molecules of a desired handedness. Although in the past century many variations of this method have been developed, widespread use of chiral purification by crystallization is still hindered by one imperative: enantiomers need to sort themselves in separate enantiopure crystals (i.e. racemic conglomerates). Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of enantiomeric mixtures crystallizes into thermodynamically favored racemic compounds (90- 95%), which hinders such separation techniques. We suggest that this thermodynamic limitation may be overcome by exploiting non-equilibrium conditions, in which crystallization rates - instead of thermodynamic stabilities alone - may determine which crystalline phase dominates. This opens the potential to exploit non-equilibrium conditions for favoring enantiopure crystals at the expense of stable racemic compounds.
Motivated by these insights, we analyzed energy differences between racemates and their enantiopure counterparts (ΔGΦ) for two libraries of biorelevant target molecules with different chemical modifications. We found, surprisingly,a large and continuous distribution ofΔGΦ, in which similar chemical modifications are clustering. This enabled a directed evolutionary design strategy (i.e. iterative methodological library design) to discover systems with low ΔGΦ (< 0.5 kcal.mol-1), for which we demonstrate that the desired enantiomer can be isolated by preferential crystallization or deracemization under non-equilibrium conditions. Comparison with over a hundred previously reported racemic compounds suggests that the continuum of ΔGΦ of structurally related compounds offers much better odds for discovering kinetically stabilizable conglomerates (50-60%). Hence, both the evolutionary library design and exploitation of non-equilibrium open up many new opportunities for crystallization-based routes towards enantiopure molecules that are essential in our daily lives.
Mots clés
Chirality
chiral purification
Nonequilibirum conditions
Evolutionary design
reactive crystallization particle growth mineral recovery agglomeration liquid-liquid phase separation suppressing gel formation enantiomers fluidized bed crystallization enzymatic racemization chiral resolution chiral inversion salt hydrate sodium sulfate thermal energy storage hydration supercooling Deracemization temperature cycling mechanism Full-length mAb crystallization kinetics thermodynamics integrated manufacturing solid form control continuous Chirality Chiral purification Non-equilibrium conditions Evolutionary design nucleation kinetics scale-up machine learning
reactive crystallization
particle growth
mineral recovery agglomeration
liquid-liquid phase separation
suppressing gel formation enantiomers
fluidized bed crystallization
enzymatic racemization
chiral resolution
chiral inversion salt hydrate
sodium sulfate
thermal energy storage
hydration
supercooling Deracemization
temperature cycling
mechanism Full-length mAb
crystallization
kinetics
thermodynamics integrated manufacturing
solid form control
continuous Chirality
Chiral purification
Non-equilibrium conditions
nucleation kinetics
scale-up
machine learning
Domaines
Chimie-Physique [physics.chem-ph]Origine | Fichiers produits par l'(les) auteur(s) |
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