I examine the role of Tertiary-Bartonian flint in historical processes. How this raw material influenced the organisation of lithic production on a diachronic scale between 4200 and 2150 cal. BC. The study focuses on one flint extraction site, undoubtedly the most important in the northern half of France - Jablines in Seine et Marne (Bostyn and Lanchon, 1992). Based on twenty years of applied research on the flint knapping industry of the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, the aim is to study the coherences, complementarities and evolution of the technical subsystem associated with flint tools, in particular the emblematic polished stone axe, in the long term, from the cultural perspective of the resource. I propose a territorial approach to the management of raw materials and the relationship between Neolithic communities and space. Based on an assessment of the technical and quantitative over-investment in the production of axes in particular, we try to understand how this object may have influenced territorial organisation and, secondly, its role in the establishment of social networks (dissemination of value-added products such as polished axes in the tertiary sector) in these societies, which see differentiated production and exchange as an alternative to conflict (Keeley, 1996). My suggestion, therefore, is that there may have been a chronological shift in the organisation of axe workshops and their integration into Neolithic society. During the Middle Neolithic II they were highly integrated and relatively collectively managed, whereas during the Late Neolithic they seemed to dissociate and become a matter for specialists, gradually giving way to more remote forms of production in the Final Neolithic. This model provides a dynamic and stimulating picture of agro-pastoral societies.