On the basis of new data coming from recent archaeological excavations, this paper proposes to reconsider the architecture of Neolithic communities in the Southern Caucasus. From a typological and technological analysis (building materials, layout techniques, building morphology), the objective is to reconsider the evolution of architecture and the changes in social organization during the sixth millennium. It is a complex and arrhythmic evolution. This study re-evaluates the model of a unique ‘Shulaveri-Shomu’ culture and argues in favour of the identification of well-defined ‘techno-cultural’ groups in the Araxes and Kura Valleys.