Although it is well known that clays and phosphate ions (hereafter referred to as "P") can contribute to the long term uptake of uranium (U) in a variety of geochemical systems, work is still needed to document the surface speciation of U(VI) and P sorbed on relevant clay minerals such as illite. Following on from previous work showing strong sorption of phosphate ligands on the surface of a homoionic Na-illite ([1]), we addressed the (competitive/synergistic) mechanisms of (co)sorption of trace levels of uranyl ions (1-10 mu M) and phosphate ligands (100 mu M) onto this clay, and the identity of the surface species formed, by in situ spectroscopy monitoring of the clay-solution interface along sorption. We also performed complementary batch sorption experiments and electrophoretic mobility (EM) measurements. Macroscopic data indicated a uranyl sorption dependent on pH, aqueous U concentration and clay-to-solution ratio, a signature of P on the U sorption, and a promotion of P sorption with U concentration. Macroscopic and EM data also suggested mostly reversible mechanisms of P and U co-sorption that confer negative charges on the mineral surface and involve several types of uranyl phosphate surface species and/or surface sites present on the clay edges. FTIR interface spectra confirmed that several types of inner sphere uranyl phosphate surface species formed at acidic pH at the illite-solution interface, as a function of U surface coverage and/or reaction time. An inner-sphere uranyl phosphate surface complex, likely with a Ubridging structure, was formed rapidly on high-affinity surface sites existing in limited quantities on the clay edges. Another U-P surface complex (with a possible P-bridging structure) was progressively formed in increasing amounts with U surface coverage and time on low affinity clay edge sites. Finally, a third U-P surface species having an autunite-like structure (probably a U-P polynuclear surface species) was formed on the illite surface at high U concentration (10 mu M). The two later species competed with the existence on the illite surface of inner sphere surface complexes and outer-sphere surface complex of phosphate, which were identified in the absence of U. Information on uranyl surface speciation in the presence of phosphate ligands presented here is novel and provides for the first time in situ spectroscopic evidence of synergistic U-P sorption process leading in the formation of several types of uranyl phosphate sorption species on the surface of illite. These results provide a sound basis for better understanding / prediction of U sorption in the environment, including in clayey formations being considered as long term barriers to radionuclide migration in far field of high level radioactive waste repository.