The forecasting power of the mucin-microbiome axis in livestock respiratory diseases
Résumé
Complex respiratory diseases are a significant challenge for the livestock industry worldwide. These diseases cause severe economic losses but also have a considerable impact on animal health and welfare. One of the first lines of pathogen defense combines the respiratory tract mucus, a highly viscous material primarily formed by mucin, and a thriving multi-kingdom microbial ecosystem, referred to herein as the mucin-microbiome axis. This axis can be considered a mighty two-edged sword, as its usual function is to protect from unwanted substances and organisms at one arm's length, while its dysfunction may be a clue for pathogen infection and respiratory disease onset. We further learned that the structure and function of this axis might be modulated by noncoding regulatory RNAs (e.g., microRNAs, long RNAs). This opinion paper unearths the current understanding of the triangular relationship of mucins, holobiont, and noncoding RNAs and the wide range of functions exhibited by the mucinmicrobiome axis under respiratory infection settings. There is a need to look at these molecular underpinnings that dictate distinct health and disease outcomes to implement effective prevention, surveillance, and timely intervention strategies tailored to the different epidemiological contexts.
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