The language material from the south-west of Gaul (Caesar’s Aquitaine) is assessed in this work with regard to the findings in bordering regions of the Iberian Peninsula. That material which is the result of cultural or commercial contacts, such as inscriptions on luxury or exchange objects, is distinguished from the other type which is a reflection of the settlements in the region, consisting mainly of personal onomastics and teonymy. Cases of contact and distribution are studied within these settlements (Aquitanian speaking and Gaulish speaking populations) in view of the Latin epigraphic material preserved and subsequent toponymical evidence.