Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
R. C. Wolf
(1)
,
A. Ali
(1)
,
A. Alonso
(2)
,
J. Baldzuhn
(1)
,
C. Beidler
(1)
,
M. Beurskens
(1)
,
C. Biedermann
(1)
,
H.-S. Bosch
(1)
,
S. Bozhenkov
(1)
,
R. Brakel
(1)
,
A. Dinklage
(1)
,
Y. Feng
(1)
,
G. Fuchert
(1)
,
J. Geiger
(1)
,
O. Grulke
(1)
,
P. Helander
(1)
,
M. Hirsch
(1)
,
U. Höfel
(1)
,
M. Jakubowski
(1)
,
J. P. Knauer
(1)
,
G. Kocsis
(3)
,
R. König
(1)
,
P. Kornejew
(1)
,
A. Krämer-Flecken
(4)
,
M. Krychowiak
(1)
,
M. Landreman
(5)
,
A. Langenberg
(1)
,
H. P. Laqua
(1)
,
S. Lazerson
(6)
,
H. Maaßberg
(1)
,
S. Marsen
(1)
,
M. Marushchenko
(1)
,
D. Moseev
(1)
,
Hasso B. Niemann
(1)
,
N. Pablant
(6)
,
E. Pasch
(1)
,
K. Rahbarnia
(1)
,
G. Schlisio
(1)
,
T. Stange
(1)
,
T. Sunn Pedersen
(1)
,
J. Svensson
(1)
,
T. Szepesi
(3)
,
H. Trimino Mora
(1)
,
Y. Turkin
(1)
,
T. Wauters
(7)
,
G. Weir
(1)
,
U. Wenzel
(1)
,
T. Windisch
(1)
,
G. Wurden
(8)
,
D. Zhang
(1)
,
I. Abramovic
(1)
,
S. Äkäslompolo
(1)
,
P. Aleynikov
(1)
,
K. Aleynikova
(1)
,
R. Alzbutas
(9)
,
G. Anda
(3)
,
T. Andreeva
(1)
,
E. Ascasibar
(2)
,
J. Assmann
(4)
,
S.-G. Baek
(10)
,
M. Banduch
(1)
,
T. Barbui
(11)
,
M. Barlak
(12)
,
K. Baumann
(13)
,
W. Behr
(4)
,
A. Benndorf
(1)
,
O. Bertuch
(4)
,
W. Biel
(4)
,
D. Birus
(1)
,
B. Blackwell
(14)
,
E. Blanco
(2)
,
M. Blatzheim
(1)
,
T. Bluhm
(1)
,
D. Böckenhoff
(1)
,
P. Bolgert
(6)
,
M. Borchardt
(1)
,
V. Borsuk
(4)
,
J. Boscary
(15)
,
L.-G. Böttger
(1)
,
H. Brand
(16)
,
Ch. Brandt
(1)
,
T. Bräuer
(1)
,
H. Braune
(1)
,
S. Brezinsek
(4)
,
K.-J. Brunner
(1)
,
B. Brünner
(1)
,
R. Burhenn
(1)
,
B. Buttenschön
(1)
,
V. Bykov
(1)
,
I. Calvo
(2)
,
B. Cannas
(17)
,
A. Cappa
(2)
,
A. Carls
(1)
,
L. Carraro
(18)
,
B. Carvalho
(19)
,
F. Castejon
(2)
,
A. Charl
(4)
,
F. Chernyshev
(20)
,
M. Cianciosa
(21)
,
R. Citarella
(22)
,
L. Ciupinski
(23)
,
G. Claps
(24)
,
M. Cole
(1)
,
M. J. Cole
(21)
,
F. Cordella
(24)
,
G. Cseh
(3)
,
A. Czarnecka
(25)
,
A. Czermak
(26)
,
K. Czerski
(27)
,
M. Czerwinski
(15)
,
G. Czymek
(4)
,
A. da Molin
(28)
,
A. da Silva
(19)
,
G. Dammertz
(13)
,
J. Danielson
(29)
,
A. de la Pena
(2)
,
S. Degenkolbe
(1)
,
P. Denner
(4)
,
D. P. Dhard
(1)
,
M. Dostal
(4)
,
M. Drevlak
(1)
,
P. Drewelow
(1)
,
Ph. Drews
(4)
,
A. Dudek
(1)
,
G. Dundulis
(9)
,
F. Durodie
(7)
,
P. van Eeten
(1)
,
F. Effenberg
(11)
,
G. Ehrke
(1)
,
M. Endler
(1)
,
D. Ennis
(30)
,
E. Erckmann
(1)
,
H. Esteban
(2)
,
T. Estrada
(2)
,
N. Fahrenkamp
(1)
,
J.-H. Feist
(1)
,
J. Fellinger
(1)
,
H. Fernandes
(19)
,
W. H. Fietz
(13)
,
W. Figacz
(25)
,
J. Fontdecaba
(2)
,
O. Ford
(1)
,
T. Fornal
(25)
,
H. Frerichs
(11)
,
A. Freund
(4)
,
M. Führer
(31)
,
T. Funaba
(32)
,
A. Galkowski
(25)
,
G. Gantenbein
(13)
,
Yu Gao
(4)
,
J. García Regaña
(2)
,
M. Garcia-Munoz
(2)
,
D. Gates
(6)
,
G. Gawlik
(12)
,
B. Geiger
(1)
,
V. Giannella
(22)
,
N. Gierse
(4)
,
A. Gogoleva
(33)
,
B. Goncalves
(19)
,
A. Goriaev
(7)
,
D. Gradic
(1)
,
M. Grahl
(1)
,
John J. Green
(11)
,
A. Grosman
(34)
,
H. Grote
(1)
,
M. Gruca
(25)
,
C. Guerard
(2)
,
L. Haiduk
(26)
,
X. Han
(4)
,
F. Harberts
(4)
,
J. H. Harris
(21)
,
H.-J. Hartfuß
(1)
,
D. Hartmann
(1)
,
D. Hathiramani
(1)
,
B. Hein
(1)
,
B. Heinemann
(15)
,
P. Heitzenroeder
(6)
,
S. Henneberg
(1)
,
C. Hennig
(1)
,
J. Hernandez Sanchez
(2)
,
C. Hidalgo
(2)
,
H. Hölbe
(1)
,
K. P. Hollfeld
(4)
,
A. Hölting
(1)
,
D. Höschen
(4)
,
M. Houry
(34)
,
J. Howard
(14)
,
X. Huang
(32)
,
M. Huber
(13)
,
V. Huber
(35)
,
H. Hunger
(13)
,
K. Ida
(32)
,
T. Ilkei
(3)
,
S. Illy
(13)
,
B. Israeli
(6)
,
A. Ivanov
(36)
,
S. Jablonski
(25)
,
J. Jagielski
(12)
,
J. Jelonnek
(13)
,
H. Jenzsch
(1)
,
P. Junghans
(15)
,
J. Kacmarczyk
(25)
,
T. Kaliatka
(9)
,
J.-P. Kallmeyer
(1)
,
U. Kamionka
(1)
,
R. Karalevicius
(9)
,
H. Kasahara
(32)
,
W. Kasparek
(37)
,
N. Kenmochi
(32)
,
M. Keunecke
(38)
,
A. Khilchenko
(36)
,
D. Kinna
(35)
,
R. Kleiber
(1)
,
T. Klinger
(1)
,
M. Knaup
(4)
,
Th. Kobarg
(13)
,
F. Köchl
(39)
,
Y. Kolesnichenko
(40)
,
A. Könies
(1)
,
M. Köppen
(1)
,
J. Koshurinov
(41)
,
R. Koslowski
(4)
,
F. Köster
(42)
,
R. Koziol
(12)
,
M. Kramer
(37)
,
R. Krampitz
(1)
,
P. Kraszewsk
(12)
,
N. Krawczyk
(25)
,
T. Kremeyer
(11)
,
Th. Krings
(4)
,
J. Krom
(1)
,
G. Krzesinski
(23)
,
I. Ksiazek
(43)
,
M. Kubkowska
(25)
,
G. Kühner
(1)
,
T. Kurki-Suonio
(44)
,
S. Kwak
(1)
,
R. Lang
(13)
,
S. Langish
(6)
,
R. Laube
(1)
,
C. Lechte
(37)
,
M. Lennartz
(4)
,
W. Leonhardt
(13)
,
L. Lewerentz
(1)
,
Yan-Chun Liang
(4)
,
Ch. Linsmeier
(4)
,
S. Liu
(4)
,
J.-F. Lobsien
(1)
,
D. Loesser
(6)
,
J. Loizu Cisquella
(1)
,
J. Lore
(21)
,
A. Lorenz
(1)
,
M. Losert
(13)
,
L. Lubyako
(41)
,
A. Lücke
(45)
,
A. Lumsdaine
(21)
,
V. Lutsenko
(40)
,
J. Majano-Brown
(10)
,
O. Marchuk
(4)
,
M. Mardenfeld
(6)
,
P. Marek
(23)
,
S. Massidda
(30)
,
S. Masuzaki
(32)
,
D. Maurer
(30)
,
K. Mccarthy
(2)
,
P. Mcneely
(1)
,
A. Meier
(13)
,
D. Mellein
(13)
,
B. Mendelevitch
(15)
,
Ph. Mertens
(4)
,
D. Mikkelsen
(6)
,
O. Mishchenko
(1)
,
B. Missal
(1)
,
J. Mittelstaedt
(6)
,
T. Mizuuchi
(46)
,
A. Mollen
(1)
,
V. Moncada
(34)
,
T. Mönnich
(1)
,
T. Morizaki
(32)
,
R. Munk
(37)
,
S. Murakami
(46)
,
F. Musielok
(43)
,
G. Náfrádi
(3)
,
M. Nagel
(1)
,
D. Naujoks
(1)
,
H. Neilson
(6)
,
O. Neubauer
(4)
,
U. Neuner
(1)
,
T. Ngo
(34)
,
R. Nocentini
(15)
,
C. Nührenberg
(1)
,
J. Nührenberg
(1)
,
S. Obermayer
(15)
,
G. Offermanns
(4)
,
K. Ogawa
(32)
,
J. Ongena
(7)
,
J. W. Oosterbeek
(1)
,
G. Orozco
(15)
,
M. Otte
(1)
,
L. Pacios Rodriguez
(2)
,
W. Pan
(47)
,
N. Panadero
(1)
,
N. Panadero Alvarez
(2)
,
A. Panin
(4)
,
D. Papenfuß
(13)
,
S. Paqay
(16)
,
A. Pavone
(1)
,
E. Pawelec
(43)
,
G. Pelka
(25)
,
X. Peng
(47)
,
V. Perseo
(1)
,
B. Peterson
(32)
,
A. Pieper
(45)
,
D. Pilopp
(1)
,
S. Pingel
(1)
,
F. Pisano
(17)
,
B. Plaum
(37)
,
G. Plunk
(1)
,
M. Povilaitis
(9)
,
J. Preinhaelter
(48)
,
J. Proll
(16)
,
M.-E. Puiatti
(49)
,
A. Puig Sitjes
(1)
,
F. Purps
(1)
,
M. Rack
(4)
,
S. Récsei
(3)
,
A. Reiman
(6)
,
D. Reiter
(4)
,
F. Remppel
(37)
,
S. Renard
(34)
,
R. Riedl
(15)
,
J. Riemann
(1)
,
S. Rimkevicius
(9)
,
K. Riße
(1)
,
A. Rodatos
(1)
,
H. Röhlinger
(37)
,
M. Romé
(49)
,
P. Rong
(1)
,
H.-J. Roscher
(50)
,
B. Roth
(37)
,
L. Rudischhauser
(1)
,
K. Rummel
(1)
,
T. Rummel
(1)
,
A. Runov
(1)
,
N. Rust
(1)
,
L. Ryc
(25)
,
S. Ryosuke
(32)
,
R. Sakamoto
(32)
,
A. Samartsev
(13)
,
M. Sanchez
(2)
,
S. Satake
(32)
,
G. Satheeswaran
(4)
,
J. Schacht
(1)
,
F. Schauer
(1)
,
T. Scherer
(13)
,
A. Schlaich
(13)
,
K.-H. Schlüter
(37)
,
Jérôme Schmitt
(30)
,
H. Schmitz
(4)
,
O. Schmitz
(11)
,
S. Schmuck
(35)
,
M. Schneider
(1)
,
W. Schneider
(1)
,
M. Scholz
(25)
,
P. Scholz
(15)
,
R. Schrittwieser
(39)
,
M. Schröder
(1)
,
T. Schröder
(1)
,
R. Schroeder
(1)
,
H. Schumacher
(45)
,
B. Schweer
(4)
,
B. Shanahan
(1)
,
I. V. Shikhovtsev
(36)
,
M. Sibilia
(6)
,
P. Sinha
(1)
,
S. Sipliä
(44)
,
J. Skodzik
(51)
,
C. Slaby
(1)
,
H. Smith
(1)
,
W. Spiess
(13)
,
D. A. Spong
(21)
,
A. Spring
(1)
,
R. Stadler
(15)
,
B. Standley
(15)
,
L. Stephey
(11)
,
M. Stoneking
(52)
,
U. Stridde
(1)
,
Z. Sulek
(26)
,
C. Surko
(29)
,
Y. Suzuki
(32)
,
V. Szabó
(3)
,
T. Szabolics
(3)
,
Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy
(3)
,
Naoyuki Tamura
(32)
,
A. Terra
(4)
,
J. Terry
(10)
,
J. Thomas
(4)
,
H. Thomsen
(1)
,
M. Thumm
(13)
,
C. P. von Thun
(35)
,
D. Timmermann
(51)
,
P. Titus
(6)
,
K. Toi
(32)
,
J. M. Travere
(34)
,
P. Traverso
(30)
,
J. Tretter
(15)
,
H. Tsuchiya
(32)
,
T. Tsujimura
(32)
,
S. Tulipán
(3)
,
M. Turnyanskiy
(35)
,
B. Unterberg
(4)
,
J. Urban
(48)
,
E. Urbonavicius
(9)
,
I. Vakulchyk
(1)
,
S. Valet
(1)
,
B. van Millingen
(2)
,
L. Vela
(33)
,
J.-L. Velasco
(2)
,
M. Vergote
(7)
,
M. Vervier
(4)
,
N. Vianello
(53)
,
H. Viebke
(1)
,
R. Vilbrandt
(1)
,
A. Vorkörper
(15)
,
S. Wadle
(13)
,
F. Wagner
(1)
,
E. Wang
(4)
,
N. Wang
(4)
,
F. Warmer
(1)
,
L. Wegener
(1)
,
J. Weggen
(13)
,
Y. Wei
(4)
,
J. Wendorf
(1)
,
A. Werner
(1)
,
B. Wiegel
(45)
,
F. Wilde
(1)
,
E. Winkler
(1)
,
V. Winters
(11)
,
Sebastian Wolf
(37)
,
J. Wolowski
(25)
,
A. Wright
(14)
,
P. Xanthopoulos
(1)
,
H. Yamada
(32)
,
I. Yamada
(32)
,
R. Yasuhara
(32)
,
M. Yokoyama
(32)
,
J. Zajac
(48)
,
M. Zarnstorff
(6)
,
A. Zeitler
(37)
,
H. Zhang
(6)
,
J. Zhu
(1)
,
M. Zilker
(15)
,
A. Zimbal
(45)
,
A. Zocco
(1)
,
S. Zoletnik
(3)
,
M. Zuin
(18)
1
Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik Teilinstitut Greifswald, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
2 CIEMAT - Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
3 KFKI-RMKI - KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics
4 Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strase, 52428 Julich, Germany
5 University of Maryland
6 Princeton
7 Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (LPP-ERM/KMS), Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgien
8 LANL - Los Alamos National Laboratory
9 Institute of Physics
10 MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11 University of Wisconsin-Madison
12 NCBJ - National Centre for Nuclear Research
13 IEKP - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universität Karlsruhe
14 Geoscience Australia
15 Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster
16 Eindhoven University of Technology
17 UniCa - Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari
18 CIFS - Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale
19 IST - Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa
20 A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute
21 ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge]
22 Università di Milano
23 Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw]
24 ENEA-Frascati
25 IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
26 Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN
27 University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawla II 22A, Szczecin, Poland
28 Milano
29 UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego]
30 International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University
31 Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitatsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
32 National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan
33 UC3M - Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
34 CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
35 EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon
36 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 11, akademika Lavrentieva prospect, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
37 IRS - Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart
38 Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik IST, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
39 IWF - Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
40 Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research
41 IAP - A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
42 TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin
43 University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland
44 School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University
45 PTB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
46 Kyoto University
47 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
48 Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8---Liben, Czechia
49 IFP-CNR - Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
50 Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, Reichenhainer Strase 88, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
51 Universität Rostock
52 Wayne State University
53 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
2 CIEMAT - Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
3 KFKI-RMKI - KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics
4 Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strase, 52428 Julich, Germany
5 University of Maryland
6 Princeton
7 Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (LPP-ERM/KMS), Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgien
8 LANL - Los Alamos National Laboratory
9 Institute of Physics
10 MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
11 University of Wisconsin-Madison
12 NCBJ - National Centre for Nuclear Research
13 IEKP - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universität Karlsruhe
14 Geoscience Australia
15 Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster
16 Eindhoven University of Technology
17 UniCa - Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari
18 CIFS - Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale
19 IST - Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa
20 A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute
21 ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge]
22 Università di Milano
23 Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw]
24 ENEA-Frascati
25 IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
26 Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN
27 University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawla II 22A, Szczecin, Poland
28 Milano
29 UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego]
30 International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University
31 Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitatsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
32 National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan
33 UC3M - Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
34 CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
35 EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon
36 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 11, akademika Lavrentieva prospect, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
37 IRS - Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart
38 Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik IST, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
39 IWF - Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
40 Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research
41 IAP - A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
42 TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin
43 University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland
44 School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University
45 PTB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
46 Kyoto University
47 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
48 Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8---Liben, Czechia
49 IFP-CNR - Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
50 Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, Reichenhainer Strase 88, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
51 Universität Rostock
52 Wayne State University
53 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
Résumé
After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 × 1019 m-3, central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre.
Domaines
Astrophysique [astro-ph]Format du dépôt | Notice |
---|---|
Type de dépôt | Article dans une revue |
Titre |
en
Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
|
Résumé |
en
After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 × 10<SUP>19</SUP> m<SUP>-3</SUP>, central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre.
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Auteur(s) |
R. C. Wolf
1
, A. Ali
1
, A. Alonso
2
, J. Baldzuhn
1
, C. Beidler
1
, M. Beurskens
1
, C. Biedermann
1
, H.-S. Bosch
1
, S. Bozhenkov
1
, R. Brakel
1
, A. Dinklage
1
, Y. Feng
1
, G. Fuchert
1
, J. Geiger
1
, O. Grulke
1
, P. Helander
1
, M. Hirsch
1
, U. Höfel
1
, M. Jakubowski
1
, J. P. Knauer
1
, G. Kocsis
3
, R. König
1
, P. Kornejew
1
, A. Krämer-Flecken
4
, M. Krychowiak
1
, M. Landreman
5
, A. Langenberg
1
, H. P. Laqua
1
, S. Lazerson
6
, H. Maaßberg
1
, S. Marsen
1
, M. Marushchenko
1
, D. Moseev
1
, Hasso B. Niemann
1
, N. Pablant
6
, E. Pasch
1
, K. Rahbarnia
1
, G. Schlisio
1
, T. Stange
1
, T. Sunn Pedersen
1
, J. Svensson
1
, T. Szepesi
3
, H. Trimino Mora
1
, Y. Turkin
1
, T. Wauters
7
, G. Weir
1
, U. Wenzel
1
, T. Windisch
1
, G. Wurden
8
, D. Zhang
1
, I. Abramovic
1
, S. Äkäslompolo
1
, P. Aleynikov
1
, K. Aleynikova
1
, R. Alzbutas
9
, G. Anda
3
, T. Andreeva
1
, E. Ascasibar
2
, J. Assmann
4
, S.-G. Baek
10
, M. Banduch
1
, T. Barbui
11
, M. Barlak
12
, K. Baumann
13
, W. Behr
4
, A. Benndorf
1
, O. Bertuch
4
, W. Biel
4
, D. Birus
1
, B. Blackwell
14
, E. Blanco
2
, M. Blatzheim
1
, T. Bluhm
1
, D. Böckenhoff
1
, P. Bolgert
6
, M. Borchardt
1
, V. Borsuk
4
, J. Boscary
15
, L.-G. Böttger
1
, H. Brand
16
, Ch. Brandt
1
, T. Bräuer
1
, H. Braune
1
, S. Brezinsek
4
, K.-J. Brunner
1
, B. Brünner
1
, R. Burhenn
1
, B. Buttenschön
1
, V. Bykov
1
, I. Calvo
2
, B. Cannas
17
, A. Cappa
2
, A. Carls
1
, L. Carraro
18
, B. Carvalho
19
, F. Castejon
2
, A. Charl
4
, F. Chernyshev
20
, M. Cianciosa
21
, R. Citarella
22
, L. Ciupinski
23
, G. Claps
24
, M. Cole
1
, M. J. Cole
21
, F. Cordella
24
, G. Cseh
3
, A. Czarnecka
25
, A. Czermak
26
, K. Czerski
27
, M. Czerwinski
15
, G. Czymek
4
, A. da Molin
28
, A. da Silva
19
, G. Dammertz
13
, J. Danielson
29
, A. de la Pena
2
, S. Degenkolbe
1
, P. Denner
4
, D. P. Dhard
1
, M. Dostal
4
, M. Drevlak
1
, P. Drewelow
1
, Ph. Drews
4
, A. Dudek
1
, G. Dundulis
9
, F. Durodie
7
, P. van Eeten
1
, F. Effenberg
11
, G. Ehrke
1
, M. Endler
1
, D. Ennis
30
, E. Erckmann
1
, H. Esteban
2
, T. Estrada
2
, N. Fahrenkamp
1
, J.-H. Feist
1
, J. Fellinger
1
, H. Fernandes
19
, W. H. Fietz
13
, W. Figacz
25
, J. Fontdecaba
2
, O. Ford
1
, T. Fornal
25
, H. Frerichs
11
, A. Freund
4
, M. Führer
31
, T. Funaba
32
, A. Galkowski
25
, G. Gantenbein
13
, Yu Gao
4
, J. García Regaña
2
, M. Garcia-Munoz
2
, D. Gates
6
, G. Gawlik
12
, B. Geiger
1
, V. Giannella
22
, N. Gierse
4
, A. Gogoleva
33
, B. Goncalves
19
, A. Goriaev
7
, D. Gradic
1
, M. Grahl
1
, John J. Green
11
, A. Grosman
34
, H. Grote
1
, M. Gruca
25
, C. Guerard
2
, L. Haiduk
26
, X. Han
4
, F. Harberts
4
, J. H. Harris
21
, H.-J. Hartfuß
1
, D. Hartmann
1
, D. Hathiramani
1
, B. Hein
1
, B. Heinemann
15
, P. Heitzenroeder
6
, S. Henneberg
1
, C. Hennig
1
, J. Hernandez Sanchez
2
, C. Hidalgo
2
, H. Hölbe
1
, K. P. Hollfeld
4
, A. Hölting
1
, D. Höschen
4
, M. Houry
34
, J. Howard
14
, X. Huang
32
, M. Huber
13
, V. Huber
35
, H. Hunger
13
, K. Ida
32
, T. Ilkei
3
, S. Illy
13
, B. Israeli
6
, A. Ivanov
36
, S. Jablonski
25
, J. Jagielski
12
, J. Jelonnek
13
, H. Jenzsch
1
, P. Junghans
15
, J. Kacmarczyk
25
, T. Kaliatka
9
, J.-P. Kallmeyer
1
, U. Kamionka
1
, R. Karalevicius
9
, H. Kasahara
32
, W. Kasparek
37
, N. Kenmochi
32
, M. Keunecke
38
, A. Khilchenko
36
, D. Kinna
35
, R. Kleiber
1
, T. Klinger
1
, M. Knaup
4
, Th. Kobarg
13
, F. Köchl
39
, Y. Kolesnichenko
40
, A. Könies
1
, M. Köppen
1
, J. Koshurinov
41
, R. Koslowski
4
, F. Köster
42
, R. Koziol
12
, M. Kramer
37
, R. Krampitz
1
, P. Kraszewsk
12
, N. Krawczyk
25
, T. Kremeyer
11
, Th. Krings
4
, J. Krom
1
, G. Krzesinski
23
, I. Ksiazek
43
, M. Kubkowska
25
, G. Kühner
1
, T. Kurki-Suonio
44
, S. Kwak
1
, R. Lang
13
, S. Langish
6
, R. Laube
1
, C. Lechte
37
, M. Lennartz
4
, W. Leonhardt
13
, L. Lewerentz
1
, Yan-Chun Liang
4
, Ch. Linsmeier
4
, S. Liu
4
, J.-F. Lobsien
1
, D. Loesser
6
, J. Loizu Cisquella
1
, J. Lore
21
, A. Lorenz
1
, M. Losert
13
, L. Lubyako
41
, A. Lücke
45
, A. Lumsdaine
21
, V. Lutsenko
40
, J. Majano-Brown
10
, O. Marchuk
4
, M. Mardenfeld
6
, P. Marek
23
, S. Massidda
30
, S. Masuzaki
32
, D. Maurer
30
, K. Mccarthy
2
, P. Mcneely
1
, A. Meier
13
, D. Mellein
13
, B. Mendelevitch
15
, Ph. Mertens
4
, D. Mikkelsen
6
, O. Mishchenko
1
, B. Missal
1
, J. Mittelstaedt
6
, T. Mizuuchi
46
, A. Mollen
1
, V. Moncada
34
, T. Mönnich
1
, T. Morizaki
32
, R. Munk
37
, S. Murakami
46
, F. Musielok
43
, G. Náfrádi
3
, M. Nagel
1
, D. Naujoks
1
, H. Neilson
6
, O. Neubauer
4
, U. Neuner
1
, T. Ngo
34
, R. Nocentini
15
, C. Nührenberg
1
, J. Nührenberg
1
, S. Obermayer
15
, G. Offermanns
4
, K. Ogawa
32
, J. Ongena
7
, J. W. Oosterbeek
1
, G. Orozco
15
, M. Otte
1
, L. Pacios Rodriguez
2
, W. Pan
47
, N. Panadero
1
, N. Panadero Alvarez
2
, A. Panin
4
, D. Papenfuß
13
, S. Paqay
16
, A. Pavone
1
, E. Pawelec
43
, G. Pelka
25
, X. Peng
47
, V. Perseo
1
, B. Peterson
32
, A. Pieper
45
, D. Pilopp
1
, S. Pingel
1
, F. Pisano
17
, B. Plaum
37
, G. Plunk
1
, M. Povilaitis
9
, J. Preinhaelter
48
, J. Proll
16
, M.-E. Puiatti
49
, A. Puig Sitjes
1
, F. Purps
1
, M. Rack
4
, S. Récsei
3
, A. Reiman
6
, D. Reiter
4
, F. Remppel
37
, S. Renard
34
, R. Riedl
15
, J. Riemann
1
, S. Rimkevicius
9
, K. Riße
1
, A. Rodatos
1
, H. Röhlinger
37
, M. Romé
49
, P. Rong
1
, H.-J. Roscher
50
, B. Roth
37
, L. Rudischhauser
1
, K. Rummel
1
, T. Rummel
1
, A. Runov
1
, N. Rust
1
, L. Ryc
25
, S. Ryosuke
32
, R. Sakamoto
32
, A. Samartsev
13
, M. Sanchez
2
, S. Satake
32
, G. Satheeswaran
4
, J. Schacht
1
, F. Schauer
1
, T. Scherer
13
, A. Schlaich
13
, K.-H. Schlüter
37
, Jérôme Schmitt
30
, H. Schmitz
4
, O. Schmitz
11
, S. Schmuck
35
, M. Schneider
1
, W. Schneider
1
, M. Scholz
25
, P. Scholz
15
, R. Schrittwieser
39
, M. Schröder
1
, T. Schröder
1
, R. Schroeder
1
, H. Schumacher
45
, B. Schweer
4
, B. Shanahan
1
, I. V. Shikhovtsev
36
, M. Sibilia
6
, P. Sinha
1
, S. Sipliä
44
, J. Skodzik
51
, C. Slaby
1
, H. Smith
1
, W. Spiess
13
, D. A. Spong
21
, A. Spring
1
, R. Stadler
15
, B. Standley
15
, L. Stephey
11
, M. Stoneking
52
, U. Stridde
1
, Z. Sulek
26
, C. Surko
29
, Y. Suzuki
32
, V. Szabó
3
, T. Szabolics
3
, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy
3
, Naoyuki Tamura
32
, A. Terra
4
, J. Terry
10
, J. Thomas
4
, H. Thomsen
1
, M. Thumm
13
, C. P. von Thun
35
, D. Timmermann
51
, P. Titus
6
, K. Toi
32
, J. M. Travere
34
, P. Traverso
30
, J. Tretter
15
, H. Tsuchiya
32
, T. Tsujimura
32
, S. Tulipán
3
, M. Turnyanskiy
35
, B. Unterberg
4
, J. Urban
48
, E. Urbonavicius
9
, I. Vakulchyk
1
, S. Valet
1
, B. van Millingen
2
, L. Vela
33
, J.-L. Velasco
2
, M. Vergote
7
, M. Vervier
4
, N. Vianello
53
, H. Viebke
1
, R. Vilbrandt
1
, A. Vorkörper
15
, S. Wadle
13
, F. Wagner
1
, E. Wang
4
, N. Wang
4
, F. Warmer
1
, L. Wegener
1
, J. Weggen
13
, Y. Wei
4
, J. Wendorf
1
, A. Werner
1
, B. Wiegel
45
, F. Wilde
1
, E. Winkler
1
, V. Winters
11
, Sebastian Wolf
37
, J. Wolowski
25
, A. Wright
14
, P. Xanthopoulos
1
, H. Yamada
32
, I. Yamada
32
, R. Yasuhara
32
, M. Yokoyama
32
, J. Zajac
48
, M. Zarnstorff
6
, A. Zeitler
37
, H. Zhang
6
, J. Zhu
1
, M. Zilker
15
, A. Zimbal
45
, A. Zocco
1
, S. Zoletnik
3
, M. Zuin
18
1
Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik Teilinstitut Greifswald, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
( 1119387 )
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik Teilinstitut Greifswald, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
- Allemagne
2
CIEMAT -
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
( 1082138 )
- Av. Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Espagne
- Espagne
3
KFKI-RMKI -
KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics
( 1108890 )
- Konkoly Thege ut 29-33,
H-1121 Budapest
- Hongrie
4
Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strase, 52428 Julich, Germany
( 1119410 )
- Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strase, 52428 Julich, Germany
- Allemagne
5
University of Maryland
( 1104358 )
- College Park, Maryland 20742
- États-Unis
6
Princeton
( 1119415 )
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States of America
- États-Unis
7
Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (LPP-ERM/KMS), Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgien
( 1119431 )
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (LPP-ERM/KMS), Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgien
- Belgique
8
LANL -
Los Alamos National Laboratory
( 300158 )
- P.O. Box 1663 Los Alamos, NM 87545
- États-Unis
9
Institute of Physics
( 1118359 )
- Vilnius LT-2053, Savanoriu 231
- Lituanie
10
MIT -
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
( 301950 )
- 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139
- États-Unis
11
University of Wisconsin-Madison
( 44110 )
- Madison, WI 53706
- États-Unis
12
NCBJ -
National Centre for Nuclear Research
( 1119449 )
- Lodz
- Pologne
13
IEKP -
Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universität Karlsruhe
( 1119450 )
- Campus Süd,
Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1,
D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Allemagne
14
Geoscience Australia
( 1107040 )
- Canberra 2601
P.O. Box 378
- Australie
15
Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster
( 1103064 )
- 85748 Garching
- Allemagne
16
Eindhoven University of Technology
( 1119466 )
- PO Box 513,
5600 MB Eindhoven
- Pays-Bas
17
UniCa -
Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari
( 204422 )
- Via Università, 40 - 09124 Cagliari
- Italie
18
CIFS -
Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale
( 1119481 )
- I-10133 Torino
- Italie
19
IST -
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa
( 1103068 )
- Lisboa
- Portugal
20
A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute
( 189152 )
- Polytekhnicheskaya st. 26, 194021 St. Petersburg,
- Russie
21
ORNL -
Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge]
( 28160 )
- 1 Bethel Valley Road -
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- États-Unis
22
Università di Milano
( 1108329 )
- Via Celoria 16,
I-20133 Milano
- Italie
23
Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw]
( 235985 )
- Pl. Politechniki 1 00-661 Warsaw
- Pologne
24
ENEA-Frascati
( 1119489 )
- via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma
- Italie
25
IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
( 1119496 )
- IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
- Pologne
26
Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN
( 1106776 )
- 31-342 Krakow, ul. Radzikowskiego 152
- Pologne
27
University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawla II 22A, Szczecin, Poland
( 1119499 )
- University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawla II 22A, Szczecin, Poland
- Pologne
28
Milano
( 1119502 )
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1-20126, Milano, Italy
- Italie
29
UC San Diego -
University of California [San Diego]
( 300717 )
- UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- États-Unis
30
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University
( 1117907 )
- Auburn,
AL 36849
- États-Unis
31
Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitatsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
( 1119539 )
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitatsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
- Allemagne
32
National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan
( 1119540 )
- National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan
- Japon
33
UC3M -
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
( 1119556 )
- Calle Madrid 126,
E-28903 Getafe, Madrid
- Espagne
34
CEA -
Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
( 300016 )
- Centre de Saclay
Centre de Grenoble
Centre de Cadarache
etc
- France
35
EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon
( 1103062 )
- Oxon OX14 3DB, UK
- Royaume-Uni
36
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 11, akademika Lavrentieva prospect, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
( 1119598 )
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 11, akademika Lavrentieva prospect, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Russie
37
IRS -
Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart
( 1111511 )
- Pfaffenwaldring 31,
D-70550 Stuttgart
- Allemagne
38
Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik IST, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
( 1119612 )
- Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik IST, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
- Allemagne
39
IWF -
Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
( 1103356 )
- Schmiedlstrasse 6,
A-8042 Graz
- Autriche
40
Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research
( 1105901 )
- Kiev 06380
- Ukraine
41
IAP -
A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
( 1119623 )
- Pyjevskyj per. 3,
RU-119017 Moskva
- Russie
42
TUB -
Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin
( 86624 )
- Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin
- Allemagne
43
University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland
( 1119636 )
- University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland
- Pologne
44
School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University
( 1117898 )
- PO Box 13000,
FIN-00076 Aalto
- Finlande
45
PTB -
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
( 1060309 )
- Braunschweig
- Allemagne
46
Kyoto University
( 1113813 )
- Kyoto
- Japon
47
Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
( 1119716 )
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
- Chine
48
Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8---Liben, Czechia
( 1119743 )
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8---Liben, Czechia
- Tchéquie
49
IFP-CNR -
Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
( 1119745 )
- Via Roberto Cozzi 53,
I-20125 Milano
- Italie
50
Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, Reichenhainer Strase 88, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
( 1119771 )
- Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, Reichenhainer Strase 88, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Allemagne
51
Universität Rostock
( 1119820 )
- Universitat in Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strase 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Allemagne
52
Wayne State University
( 1119832 )
- 666 W. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI 48201
- États-Unis
53
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
( 1119866 )
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Italie
|
Nom de la revue |
|
Vulgarisation |
Non
|
Comité de lecture |
Oui
|
Audience |
Internationale
|
Date de publication |
2017
|
Volume |
57
|
Langue du document |
Anglais
|
Référence interne |
|
Domaine(s) |
|
ADS Id | 2017NucFu..57j2020W |
DOI | 10.1088/1741-4326/aa770d |
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