Emerging research in the field of behavioral neuroscience has demonstrated the fundamental role of the cerebral organization. For brain development, various important functions are required for instance synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. This property is described in terms of neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity denotes the extraordinary ability of the brain for the recognition of its structure and function after an experience with some external stimuli and involves in the various behavioral processes of the brain such as cognitive functions. It has multiple factors that can range from gene alteration to environmental factors. Environmental factors exert both negative and positive impact on cognitive functions of the brain. Here, we elaborate about neuroplasticity, its mechanism, and the relation between the environment and brain cells, which includes remarkable effects on brain development after alteration in maternal care, under stressful conditions, sleep deprivation, and enriched environment.