What is “competence-based” education all about? Since the 1990s, many countries have adopted educational reforms that seek to introduce “competence-based” approaches to teaching and learning (often called competency-based education or CBE in English) into the curriculum. We should clarify at the beginning what we mean by these terms. In fact, although terms like “competences,” “competence-based education,” or “competence-based reforms” are found in many countries, the diffusion of this termin...