Karst is a highly heterogeneous medium (i.e. properties vary from one point to another one), and can be studied by variations of water chemical composition, which reflect in space and time differences in origin (runoff on impervious media, diffuse seepage, inflows from evaporites...) or residence time throughout the various aquifer compartments (soil, epikarst, vadose and saturated zones. This natural background is supplemented by anthropogenic inputs (domestic, urban or industrial wastes, leachates from agricultural soils and livestock by-products...). Any natural (cave, chiasm) or artificial (tunnel, mine) penetrable gallery is a means of observation and sampling, at least of infiltration water, and sometimes of water from the saturated zone. Several cave sites in Europe provide examples for understanding the behavior of karst flows, both through the vadose and the saturated zones.