We studied the spring spatial distribution of the ciliate community coupled with environmental factors along the coast and in the open sea at 30 stations sampled (between 27 May and 9 June 2006) in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean Sea). A total of 61 taxa belonging to 36 genera and 5 taxonomic classes were identified. The ciliate assemblage was numerically dominated by spirotrichs (86% of total ciliates). This group is largely dominated by the choreotrichs (92%) among which tintinnids represented 99%. The total ciliates abundance showed a gradual decrease from the coastal area to the open sea and an increase from the surface to the bottom. The maximum abundance (400 cells l-1) and biomass (6.29 μgC l-1) were found in station 27, close to Djerba Island. The tinitinnid Rhabdonella spiralis was cosmopolitan, being found almost at every station and at each depth, while other taxa may be exclusive to the neritic area, others to the open sea area. The distribution of species in the Gulf of Gabes seemed most likely influenced by the combined effects of hydrographic conditions, zooplankton predation and urban interferences.