Poster De Conférence Année : 2025

A Decade of Salmonella Resistance in the French Pig and Pork Industry: Antibiotics, Heavy Metals, and Farm-to-Fork Transmission

Benoît Doublet

Résumé

Background and objectives: The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in the pig and pork industry poses a growing public health challenge, as this pathogen remains a major cause of foodborne infections associated with pork consumption in France and across the European Union (EU) [1]. Since the EU prohibited the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in 2006, heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and silver, among others, have been utilized for their antimicrobial properties and as growth promoters throughout the production chain [2]. In Gram-negative bacteria, resistance genes for antibiotics and heavy metals have been reported to co-occur and, in some instances, co-localize on mobile genetic elements, potentially promoting their persistence and spread [3]. However, the mechanisms underlying this co-selection in Salmonella remain poorly characterized. This study, conducted within a One Health framework, aims to investigate heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes, their co-localization, and potential cross-resistance mechanisms. Methods: A total of over 800 Salmonella strains, collected from the pig and pork production chain and human clinical cases between 2014 and 2024, were subjected to whole-genome sequencing using Illumina technology. Phylogenetic and pangenome analyses were performed to assess genetic diversity and the distribution of core and accessory genes. The resistome was characterized using multiple public databases, while the mobilome including plasmids, transposons, integrons, and integrative and conjugative elements was examined to predict possible co-localization of resistance determinants. Results: The predominant Salmonella serovars identified across the pig and pork production chain in this studied panel included S. Typhimurium, its monophasic variant, and S. Derby, alongside 26 additional serovars. Serovar effective varied across production stages, with the highest distribution observed at the livestock and slaughterhouse levels. Preliminary analysis revealed that antimicrobial resistance genes against aminoglycosides, penicillin, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides were the most frequently detected in Salmonella isolates. Notably, genomic analyses revealed no resistance genes associated with carbapenemase. Conclusions: Ongoing genomic analyses are focused on identifying antibiotic- and heavy metals-resistant strains and assessing their potential for horizontal gene transfer, as well as possible cross-resistance between antibiotics and heavy metals commonly used in pig farming. These aspects will be further explored through long-read sequencing and phenotypic assays. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the persistence and spread of resistant Salmonella within pig and pork production systems in France and may inform targeted strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. References [1] Bonardi, S. (2017b). Salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the European Union. Epidemiology and Infection, 145(8), 1513–1526. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700036x [2] Kyprianou, M. (2005b). Ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed enters into effect. In EU-wide Ban on the Use of Antibiotics as Growth Promoters in Animal Feed. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_05_1687/IP_05_1687_EN.pdf [3] Vats, P., Kaur, U. J., & Rishi, P. (2022). Heavy metal-induced selection and proliferation of antibiotic resistance: A review. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 132(6), 4058–4076. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15492

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hal-05149023 , version 1 (07-07-2025)

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Nelly Peracchia, Hugo Grandjean, Pierre Emmanuel Douarre, Karol Romero, Carole Feurer, et al.. A Decade of Salmonella Resistance in the French Pig and Pork Industry: Antibiotics, Heavy Metals, and Farm-to-Fork Transmission. 10. Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and the Environment - ARAE, Jun 2025, Berlin, Germany. 2025. ⟨hal-05149023⟩
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