Impacts of environmental changes on demographic history and genetic structure of the iconic butterfly Parnassius apollo populations in France: implications for conservation.
Résumé
Mountain species are particularly vulnerable to global environmental change. Parnassius
apollo (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) is a cold-adapted iconic butterfly that thrives in open and
rocky habitats at elevations ranging mainly from 1000 to 3000 meters. Since 2018, seasonal
samplings (non letal) have been conducted annually across its distribution range in France,
and a total of 333 samples were sequenced (ddRADseq). We investigated the genetic structure
of the Apollo French populations using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and
revealed seven main genetic groups: three in Massif Central (Auvergne, Cevennes, Ardeche),
three in the Alps region (Jura, North Alps, South-Alps), and one in the Pyrenees. The
absence of a clear genetic sub-structure in the South Alps supports a metapopulation functioning.
We found that populations at low altitude (Massif Central) currently dramatically
declining have the lowest genetic diversity. Demographical inferences showed different evolutive
histories for each population, with mainly population expansions during LIG-LGM
(cold period). Then, they started by declining towards the end of the LGM and throughout
the Holocene period (warm period), with an earlier decline for populations in the Massif
Central. Additional analysis with museum specimens will be performed to quantify changes
in genetic diversity over the last decades. Finally, we identified genetic variation associated
with climate variables suggesting local adaptation for the French populations, but further lab
experimentations will be performed to confirm this pattern. We also identified populations
particularly vulnerable to future climate change, and it is crucial to consider whether these
populations will be able to adapt or will require assisted gene flow.
Domaines
Sciences de l'environnement
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