Two kinds of cultural property bear the stamp of war in Europe. One the one hand, the cultural heritage of belligerent countries can be affected during conflict when armies proceed with seizures (especially works of art and archives) in enemy territory, or damage or destroy—voluntarily or not—that country’s cultural property. On the other, sometimes in connection with the seizures mentioned above, conflicts engender the creation of a specific cultural heritage: war-related collections that are created during hostilities in order to mobilize belligerent societies, and are enriched and developed after the war for commemorative and/or documentary reasons. Cultural heritage has thus represented a major strategic, ideological, and memorial issue in conflicts within Europe and beyond. After being a reason for confrontation between European countries, cultural property is now central to relations between Europe and the rest of the world, with the question of the restitution of artifacts seized in times of war still shaping the international cultural relations of numerous European countries.