This research aims to mobilize archaeometric data in a social and cultural interpretation of the use of coloring materials between the Monts de Vaucluse and Lubéron in the Neolithic period. It focuses on the coloring of engraved steles, associated in rare cases where it is present, with a funerary context, and aims to question the diversity of these coloring materials and their origins regarding their social and cultural uses. One of the challenges of this thesis is to question the presence of cinnabar on stelae, a singular coloring matter, absent from the region studied, which may have circulated over long distances and been reserved for the funerary sphere. Where did the cinnabar, used to color the stone bodies of the deceased in Spain, originate? While recent studies appear to support the funerary use of cinnabar in Spain based on materials from collective burials (bones and objects), this inquiry has yet to address two crucial points: (i) the application of cinnabar to steles, which represent real stone bodies, and (ii) its potential relevance to the herringbone steles of Provence. Hyperspectral imaging could reveal traces of pigments that are no longer visible, as has been done on painted shelter walls. The second benefit of this non-invasive, portable method would be to characterize the mineral paint materials used, by studying the spectral signal of each pixel emitted by the image obtained from the stele. Other methods, such as XRF, XRD or isotopic analysis (lead), will also be used to crossreference and complement the results for an integrated, multiscale study. Finally, a comparison with the geological coloring materials, (ochre, bauxite) widely present in this geographical area, could contribute to a better understanding of exchange networks, the circulation of materials and cultural dynamics, and provide a glimpse of some fragments of Neolithic ideal universes.