Caracterisation of formant trajectories by tracking vocal tract resonances
Résumé
This article presents a characterisation of formant trajectories based on the tracking of each resonance of the vocal tract. Thanks to an original method called nomograms with decoupled cavities, the optimal constriction locations of the area functions of ten prototypical French vowels are given, together with the main affiliations of each formant: the formants affiliated with the back cavity are noted as R1, R3 ... while the formants affiliated with the front one are noted as R2, R4... The typology of the focal points (convergence of formants due to a change of affiliation between formants) is confirmed by an extensive analysis of natural vowel-vowel transitions. An original vowel space (R1-R2) is then proposed which maximises the distances between vowels and favours the effective tracking of the vocal tract resonances by assuming an active filtering of R3. A simple normalisation of the formant space highlights the promising performance of a speaker-independent vowel identification system based on such an adaptive filtering. Articulatory and perceptual experiments provide evidence converging towards an effective control of an R1-R3 relation independent of R2.
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