Heatwaves, droughts, and fires in Europe and around the Mediterranean, repeated famines in Somalia, Madagascar, and Burkina Faso (OXFAM 2022), dramatic floods in Pakistan... If there were still any doubts, the recent successive summers have brought the consequences of climate change to the forefront, no longer to be ignored or denied. As early as its Fourth Assessment Report in 2007, the IPCC demonstrated the responsibility of anthropogenic activities in increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. These activities are themselves responsible for the observed increase in global average temperatures, and thus for climate change (GIEC 2007). This example clearly illustrates the causal chain and the analytical framework of environmental assessment, formalized by the European Environment Agency under the acronym “DPSIR” (Driving forces – Pressures – State – Impact – Responses) (Kristensen 2004). Human activities (such as transportation, housing, food production, and consumption of goods and services) act as “driving forces” that exert “pressures” on the environment (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions), thereby altering the “state” of the Earth system (e.g., global average temperature) (Box 4.1). This leads to various “impacts”: climatic, ecological, social, and economic (e.g., droughts and floods). When these impacts exceed a certain threshold beyond which environmental degradation is deemed alarming or unacceptable, “responses” (such as political, regulatory measures, etc.) can be implemented by public and private actors to address them.