In the literature, the terms “active mobility” and “physical activity” are often used interchangeably, although the term physical activity implies less of a connection to the physical and social environment, while “active mobility” points to movement through space. The economic cost of a sedentary population for the health system is often brought forward to justify the importance of public health policies promoting active mobility. This chapter examines implicit assumptions and values underlying public health policies. It begins by outlining the historical context of international recommendations for physical activity and active mobility and then describes the development of policies and actions in Canada and France. The chapter aims to analyze and understand their possible unexpected effects, beyond health-related questions in the strictest sense. The analytical approach developed by political scientist Carol Bacchi is given particular attention.