Inclusion in 4P projects using a Living Lab methodology : Learning from urban projects
Résumé
Private-public-people-partnerships (4P) projects has led to several scientific and praxeological works during the past decade. In urban development, most of these projects use a Living Lab methodology to be realized. Although inclusion is seen as the crux of these collaborative approach, it seems not clear what inclusion means. This exploratory study, relying on a broad review of recent cross-literature as well as secondary data and feedback from experts, attempts to define what inclusion means in the case of 4P urban projects using an LL methodology. The data processing work is carried out by cross-checking and grouping. Findings show that inclusion is about knowledge, stakeholders, and social inclusion. It brings individual and collective gains but knowledge sharing, as well as perception of inclusion are among the challenges to overcome. To go further, several practical and theoretical implications are proposed.
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