Polyvinyltriazole-functionalized SWCNT ink for printed Arsenic (III) chemistors for drink water monitoring applications
Résumé
Arsenic ranks among the top twentieth abundant element on Earth's crust. Natural sources, such as Arsenic ore have led to groundwater contamination with arsenic elements. Additionally, human activities such as geological mining, landfills, pesticide leaching, industrial effluents, and surface runoff have resulted in Arsenic contamination in surface water resources. Arsenic toxicity poses a significant global health hazard, affecting many millions of people and WHO has set drinking water quality guidelines maximum up the 10 ppb. Consumption of arsenic-contaminated water exceeding WHO limits poses human health risks, including arsenicosis, various cancers, child mortality, neurotoxicity, etc. The development of a low-cost, user-friendly transduction method for detecting arsenic ions allows on-site testing and real-time monitoring of arsenic contamination in water sources. The transduction strategy is based on functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) chemistors (chemo-resistors). In this study, a printable ink composed of SWCNT functionalized by Polyvinyltriazole (PVT-118) has been developed and inkjet dispersing printing (IDP) used to deposit ink on Linxen’s interdigitated electrodes and studied for arsenic sensing. The composite ink was fabricated by using the π-π stacking interactions of SWCNT and PVT-118, the stoichiometric ratio was exhibited for 1.2:1 PVT-118:SWCNT. The IDP-based chemistors were fabricated by using the KELENN DMD100, followed by annealing. A batch of 10 devices achieved mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of 109 kΩ, 28.75 kΩ, and 27%, respectively. Sensors were assembled for characterization, including two pristine SWCNT sensors and two PVT-118 functionalized SWCNT sensors. The PVT-118 functionalized SWCNT demonstrated the limit of the detection (LOD) of a 5 ppb and a dynamic range (DR) from 5 ppb to 50 ppb, showing a linear response in the relative response vs. concentration curve, with a linear regression slope of 0.77 /ppb and r2 of 0.98. Pristine SWCNT sensor performance has been monitored to understand the effect of the PVT-118 functionalization for As (III) sensing. SWCNT sensor, until 20 ppb, shows the linear regression slope of 0.33 / ppb and r2 of 0.98. Based on the preliminary results, concluded that PVT-118 functionalization would influence the As (III) sensitivity. Extensive kinetics and isotherms studies were conducted to understand the efficient stoichiometry for PVT-118 and SWCNT non-covenant functionalization. Results confirmed that efficient surface coverage and bandgap energy of the composite ink has been obtained for the 2.34:1, PVT-118:SWCNT during the non-covalent functionalization, and this stoichiometric composite ink expects to see less LOD and more DR for As(III) sensing.
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