It is still unusual to try to gain a better understanding of the Graeco-Roman cities through the study of their Jewish and Christian inhabitants, as if they were estranged from their milieu. At the same time, some studies explore the influence of the civic frame on the Jews and the Christians. The goal of this case-study is to determine how fruitful it is for the study of ancient Roman cities, especially in the East, to attempt to go beyond the opinions that there are no sources, or that the daily interaction between polytheists and monotheists did not in any manner lead to adjustments, including in the institutional domain. A wide range of different sources is actually available. Finally the case of Polychronios from Aphrodisias is discussed. Although unnoticed so far, he certainly was a bishop of the city in the pre-Constantinian era according to the Martyrologium Hieronymianum; his name may usefully be compared to inscriptions and prosopographic studies of the free city. Caria finally shows, through a little more than three centuries, the variety of the attitudes of the predominant polytheists in the civic societies, from litigations, adjustments, or even interest, to extreme violence.