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Article Dans Une Revue Addiction Année : 2020

Spatio‐temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring

Iria González‐mariño , Jose Antonio Baz‐lomba , Nikiforos A Alygizakis , Maria Jesús Andrés‐costa , Richard Bade , Anne Bannwarth , Leon P Barron , Frederic Been , Lisa Benaglia , Jean‐daniel Berset , Lubertus Bijlsma , Igor Bodík , Asher Brenner , Andreas L Brock , Daniel A Burgard , Erika Castrignanò , Alberto Celma , Christophoros E Christophoridis , Adrian Covaci , Olivier Delémont , Pim de Voogt , Damien A Devault (1) , Mário J Dias , Erik Emke , Pierre Esseiva , Despo Fatta‐kassinos , Ganna Fedorova , Konstantinos Fytianos , Cobus Gerber , Roman Grabic , Emma Gracia‐lor , Stefan Grüner , Teemu Gunnar , Evroula Hapeshi , Ester Heath , Björn Helm , Félix Hernández , Aino Kankaanpaa , Sara Karolak (2) , Barbara Kasprzyk‐hordern , Ivona Krizman‐matasic , Foon Yin Lai , Wojciech Lechowicz , Alvaro Lopes , Miren López de Alda , Ester López‐garcía , Arndís S C Löve , Nicola Mastroianni , Gillian L Mceneff , Rosa Montes , Kelly Munro , Thomas Nefau (2) , Herbert Oberacher , Jake W O'Brien , Reinhard Oertel , Kristin Olafsdottir , Yolanda Picó , Benedek G Plósz , Fabio Polesel , Cristina Postigo , José Benito Quintana , Pedram Ramin , Malcolm J Reid , Jack Rice , Rosario Rodil , Noelia Salgueiro‐gonzález , Sara Schubert , Ivan Senta , Susana M Simões , Maja M Sremacki , Katarzyna Styszko , Senka Terzic , Nikolaos S Thomaidis , Kevin V Thomas , Ben J Tscharke , Robin Udrisard , Alexander L N van Nuijs , Viviane Yargeau , Ettore Zuccato (3) , Sara Castiglioni (3) , Christoph Ort
Iria González‐mariño
Jose Antonio Baz‐lomba
Nikiforos A Alygizakis
Maria Jesús Andrés‐costa
Richard Bade
Anne Bannwarth
  • Fonction : Auteur
Leon P Barron
Frederic Been
Lisa Benaglia
  • Fonction : Auteur
Jean‐daniel Berset
Lubertus Bijlsma
Igor Bodík
Asher Brenner
Andreas L Brock
Daniel A Burgard
Erika Castrignanò
Alberto Celma
  • Fonction : Auteur
Christophoros E Christophoridis
Adrian Covaci
Olivier Delémont
  • Fonction : Auteur
Pim de Voogt
Damien A Devault
  • Fonction : Auteur
Mário J Dias
Erik Emke
Pierre Esseiva
  • Fonction : Auteur
Despo Fatta‐kassinos
Ganna Fedorova
Konstantinos Fytianos
  • Fonction : Auteur
Cobus Gerber
Roman Grabic
Emma Gracia‐lor
  • Fonction : Auteur
Stefan Grüner
  • Fonction : Auteur
Teemu Gunnar
Evroula Hapeshi
Ester Heath
  • Fonction : Auteur
Björn Helm
Félix Hernández
Aino Kankaanpaa
Sara Karolak
Barbara Kasprzyk‐hordern
Ivona Krizman‐matasic
  • Fonction : Auteur
Foon Yin Lai
Wojciech Lechowicz
  • Fonction : Auteur
Alvaro Lopes
Miren López de Alda
Ester López‐garcía
  • Fonction : Auteur
Arndís S C Löve
Nicola Mastroianni
  • Fonction : Auteur
Gillian L Mceneff
Rosa Montes
Kelly Munro
  • Fonction : Auteur
Herbert Oberacher
Jake W O'Brien
Reinhard Oertel
  • Fonction : Auteur
Kristin Olafsdottir
Yolanda Picó
Benedek G Plósz
Fabio Polesel
Cristina Postigo
José Benito Quintana
Pedram Ramin
Malcolm J Reid
Jack Rice
Rosario Rodil
Noelia Salgueiro‐gonzález
  • Fonction : Auteur
Sara Schubert
  • Fonction : Auteur
Ivan Senta
Susana M Simões
  • Fonction : Auteur
Maja M Sremacki
Katarzyna Styszko
Senka Terzic
Nikolaos S Thomaidis
Kevin V Thomas
Ben J Tscharke
Robin Udrisard
  • Fonction : Auteur
Alexander L N van Nuijs
Viviane Yargeau
Christoph Ort

Résumé

Background and aims: Wastewater‐based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population‐normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011–17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. Design: Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. Setting and Participants Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. Measurements: Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol (11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world‐wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011–13 drug loads versus 2014–17 loads. Findings Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North–Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. Conclusions The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real‐time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
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Dates et versions

hal-04444417 , version 1 (07-02-2024)

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Iria González‐mariño, Jose Antonio Baz‐lomba, Nikiforos A Alygizakis, Maria Jesús Andrés‐costa, Richard Bade, et al.. Spatio‐temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addiction, 2020, 115 (1), pp.109-120. ⟨10.1111/add.14767⟩. ⟨hal-04444417⟩
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