Using standard tools of harmonic analysis, we state and solve the problem of moments for positive measures supported on the unit ball of a Sobolev space of multivariate periodic trigonometric functions. We describe outer and inner semidefinite approximations of the cone of Sobolev moments. They are the basic components of an infinite-dimensional moment-sums of squares hierarchy, allowing to solve numerically non-convex polynomial optimization problems on infinite-dimensional Sobolev spaces, with global convergence guarantees.