Local climate modulates the development of soil nematode communities after glacier retreat
2 Department of Environmental Science and Policy [Milano]
3 LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine
4 DYNAFOR - Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers
5 Lincoln University [Nouvelle-Zélande]
6 SFU.ca - Simon Fraser University = Université Simon Fraser
7 UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations
8 U de G - Centro Universitario de los Lagos - Universidad de Guadalajara
9 RiverLy - RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes
10 IDEAM - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales
11 University of Central Punjab
12 JNU - Jawaharlal Nehru University
13 Autoridad Nacional del Agua
14 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
15 EDYTEM - Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne
16 Mannaki Whenua
17 NASKR - National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan
18 UNIMIB - Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca
19 Museo delle Scienze
20 NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences
21 Museo Nacional de Historia Natural
22 UNIANDES - Universidad de los Andes [Bogota]
23 IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
24 Guangdong University of Technology
25 AUCA - American University of Central Asia
26 UNT - University of North Texas
27 UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes
28 USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc
29 IRSA - CNR Water Research Institute
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Résumé
The worldwide retreat of glaciers is causing a faster than ever increase in ice‐free areas that are leading to the emergence of new ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of these environments is critical to predicting the consequences of climate change on mountains and at high latitudes. Climatic differences between regions of the world could modulate the emergence of biodiversity and functionality after glacier retreat, yet global tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Nematodes are the most abundant soil animals, with keystone roles in ecosystem functioning, but the lack of global‐scale studies limits our understanding of how the taxonomic and functional diversity of nematodes changes during the colonization of proglacial landscapes. We used environmental DNA metabarcoding to characterize nematode communities of 48 glacier forelands from five continents. We assessed how different facets of biodiversity change with the age of deglaciated terrains and tested the hypothesis that colonization patterns are different across forelands with different climatic conditions. Nematodes colonized ice‐free areas almost immediately. Both taxonomic and functional richness quickly increased over time, but the increase in nematode diversity was modulated by climate, so that colonization started earlier in forelands with mild summer temperatures. Colder forelands initially hosted poor communities, but the colonization rate then accelerated, eventually leveling biodiversity differences between climatic regimes in the long term. Immediately after glacier retreat, communities were dominated by colonizer taxa with short generation time and r‐ecological strategy but community composition shifted through time, with increased frequency of more persister taxa with K‐ecological strategy. These changes mostly occurred through the addition of new traits instead of their replacement during succession. The effects of local climate on nematode colonization led to heterogeneous but predictable patterns around the world that likely affect soil communities and overall ecosystem development.
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