Abstract At least 65,000 years ago, modern humans arrived in Australia, having navigated more than 100 km of sea crossing from Southeast Asia. Since then, the large continental islands of Australia and New Guinea, together with smaller islands in between, have been connected by land bridges and severed again as sea levels fell and rose. Along with these fluctuations came changes in the terrestrial and marine environments of both land masses. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous Australia and New Guinea reviews and assembles the latest findings and ideas on the archaeology of the Australia–New Guinea region, the world’s largest island-continent. In forty-two new chapters written by seventy-seven contributors, it presents and explores the archaeological evidence to weave stories of colonisation; megafaunal extinctions; Indigenous architecture; long-distance interactions, sometimes across the seas; eel-based aquaculture and the development of techniques for the mass trapping of fish; occupation of the High Country, deserts, tropical swamplands, and other diverse land and waterscapes; and rock art and symbolic behaviour. Together with established researchers, a new generation of archaeologists presents an authoritative text indicating where Australia–New Guinea archaeology now lies and where it is heading, promising to shape future directions for years to come.