Competition versus Planning: A Battle that Shaped European Integration (1945-2022)
Résumé
The European Union (EU) and its forerunner have been economically organized around a market-oriented philosophy, which has been fed by a constant debate between two opposite poles: indicative planning and competition. As such, this article will revisit the history of internal European economic policies, notably in the monetary, industrial and competition realms, by demonstrating that European institutions have usually carried on thanks to successive compromises between planning and competition and that, despite the latter’s rise since the 1990s, the contest is not yet over, especially since the advent of the Covid-19 pandemic.
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