The Biofilm Resistance: Many Responses but Still Many Questions
Résumé
Microbial biofilms (i.e., bacterial and fungal) are often very deleterious due to their exceptional tolerance to treatments, in particular to conventional antimicrobials therapy. The processes involved in this low efficacy of antimicrobials on adherent cells have been widely studied in the last decades. It is now accepted that this tolerance of sessile cells is multiparametric. It involves different mechanisms, physico-chemical and biological. A major characteristic of biofilm microorganisms is that they are subjected to very deleterious environmental conditions which induce in them a large number of stress response mechanisms, some of which are obviously involved in this tolerance. On the other hand, few resistance systems, specifically expressed by sessile cells, have been described so far. Moreover, the fact that most natural and clinical biofilms are polymicrobial raises questions about the relevance of some observations obtained on monocultures.
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