Biological activities from apple pomace extracts obtained with NADES
Résumé
The apple is the fourth most consumed fruit in the world, with 9 kg/person/year. Global apple production will reach 93.1 million tons in 2021, including 12.4 million tons in Europe. The main producers in the European Union are Poland, Italy and France, with production of 4.0, 2.2 and 1.6 million tonnes respectively in 2021. Apple juice is the source of around 12 million tonnes of waste per year worldwide, and this figure is rising all the time. This waste is in fact a solid residue made up of apple pulp, skin, seeds and stalks. In many countries, this waste is buried in the ground and not recycled, leading to potential problems for the environment and human health. However, the apple and its solid residue contain high value-added molecules, such as phloridzin, quercetin and its derivatives, and chlorogenic acid. These molecules offer a wide spectrum of applications, including medicinal ones; phloridzin, for example, is known for its anti-diabetic effects.In this work, bioactive molecules are extracted using NADES (NAtural Deep Eutectic Solvent), which are solvents of interest in green chemistry. NADES offer a number of advantages. They are inexpensive, non-toxic and biodegradable. As a result, these eco-solvents offer interesting extraction approaches, thanks in particular to some of their properties enabling, among other things, more selective extraction. This paper presents the selected NADES and the analytical and biological results (antioxidant and antibacterial properties) of the extracts.