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Communication Dans Un Congrès Année : 2022

Hospital typological evolution in Algiers, Algeria: Maillot, el Kettar, and Mustapha Hospitals

Samira Khettab

Résumé

In order to provide cities with light, sun, and greenery, modern urbanism replaced the compact historical urban forms with towers and open urban blocks. The same phenomenon applies to the architectural form, especially to hospital typology. This paper addresses two questions: The evolution of urban challenges through time, and the influence of pandemics on the development of hospital typology, Urban challenges and hospital typology in the specific context of the late 19 th and beginning of 20 th century in Algiers, In the middle Ages, charity's houses developed, generally, near the monasteries, which explains the use of the cloister model. From the 14 th century, the contagious diseases were recognized and leads to the development of quarantine stations called lazarettos in extra-urban areas. In the 18 th century, hospices constitute medical-assistance institutions. They were designed according to the pavilion model Today, hospitals aim ù liveable places integrated in the urban fabric. Their typology is diversified: mono-block, poly-block, podium and slab model… In the light of sustainable development, Hospital must align with High Quality Environmental standards. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the construction of The Wuhan Leishenshan hospital temporary hospital, China, shows the potential of modular structures in emergency building projects. It is built according to a finger plan model (an H form plan). Indeed, the hospital model evolved from a cloister model (courtyard type) to a detached block system (pavilion model). Its location in the city changed too. Indeed, it was a part of traditional urban tissues and it became a suburban facility as it specialized and increased in dimensions. The hospital becomes an excluded fragment that stops the urban growth. It is perceived as a non-nodal specific type with the dimension of urban fragment. In the context of Algiers, this paper aims to examine the transformation of hospital type in three different cases: Maillot has a specific typological evolution. Situated in Bab el Oued suburb, Maillot Hospital is a complex of courtyard colonial buildings, integrating a traditional "fahs" (Algiers' surroundings) courtyard house that belonged to the Moorish governor, "the dey". diseases' service was built in1937 by J. Guiauchain, another influential architect. It was built in the immediate proximity of the traditional city walls according to the pavilion model. Mustapha Hospital is located in a more distant periphery that becomes a central area. It was built in 1874 by Voinot. The tuberculosis pavilion was realised between 1933 and 1939 also by the J. Guiauchain. These three study cases correspond to different stage of urban growth and illustrate the evolution of the hospital type. As avant-gardist architects built them, they constitute important landmarks in Algiers' architectural history.
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Dates et versions

hal-04008363 , version 1 (28-02-2023)

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Identifiants

  • HAL Id : hal-04008363 , version 1

Citer

Samira Khettab. Hospital typological evolution in Algiers, Algeria: Maillot, el Kettar, and Mustapha Hospitals. Pandemics and the changing built environment. Learning from history, planning our future, International Network for Traditional Buildings; Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU); Nandjing University; Kuwait University; University of Idaho; University of Trento; Ozyegin University; Dynamic Research on Urban Morphology (DRUM), Apr 2022, Istanbul, Turkey. pp.142. ⟨hal-04008363⟩
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