On the historical development of SAY verbs in Chinese
汉语言说动词的历时发展 (Lun Hanyu yanshuo dongci de lishi fazhan)
Résumé
This article will focus on the analysis of the diachronic development of Chinese SAY verbs, starting with "曰 yue、言 yan、语 yu、云 yun" and others, trying to determine the emergence of non-lexical usage of SAY verbs. In fact, this phenomenon was noticed by Waley & Armbruster (1934) in the written documents of Archaic Chinese, but they only mentioned the use of "日". The high-frequency verbs of speech in the Medieval and Modern periods, "讲 jiang", "话 hua", "说 shuo", and "道 dao" are next examined to trace their origin and evolution. The grammaticalization of speech verbs produces grammatical functions such as complementizers, conditional conjunctions, clause-final particle particles, topic markers, and evidential hearsay markers. These functions can all be found in the Chinese synchronic situation.
This article will only discuss "verbs of saying > complementizer", and does not discuss other uses of verbs of saying. The phenomenon of "verbs of saying > complementizer" is rare in modern Mandarin Chinese, but does exist in at least the Beijing dialect, Taiwanese Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka and Hokkien dialects. See Fangmei (2006), Chappell (2008), Lien (2008), Xu & Matthews (2007), Yeung (2006).
This pathway is not restricted to Chinese languages: East Asian/Southeast Asian languages, African languages also have such an evolution. See Heine & Kuteva (2002), Lord (1993), Saxena (1988), Güldemann (2001) et al.
本文将着重分析汉语言说动词的历时发展,从“曰、言、语、云”等开始试图确定言说动词的非词汇用法的可能性。实际上,这一现象早在上古时期的书面文献中就被 Waley & Armbruster (1934) 注意到,但只提到“曰”的使用情况。中古和近代的高频言说动词“讲”、“话”、“说”、“道” 紧接着被研究,追溯它们的来源与演变。言说动词的语法化会产生诸如小句标句词(complementizer),条件连词,小句句尾语气助词,话题标记和证实传言等语法功能。这些功能在汉语共时平面都可发现。 重点可参考 Chappell (2008), 刘月华 (1986), 孟琮 (1982), 谷峰 (2006), 刘一之 (2006)。
本文只讨论“言说动词 (verbs of saying) > 小句标句词 (complementizer)”,不讨论言说动词的其他用法。“言说动词 > 小句标句词”这个现象现代汉语普通话中不多见,可是北京话,台湾国语,广东话,客家话和闽南话这些方言都有。参考方梅 (2006),Chappell (2008), Lien (2008), Xu & Matthews (2007) ,Yeung (2006)。不只在汉语中存在,东亚/东南亚语言, 非洲语言也有这样的演变。参看Heine & Kuteva (2002),Lord (1993),Saxena (1988), Güldemann (2001) 等。
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