End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a major challenge for health care systems around the world because of its ever-rising rates and the ensuing rise in health care costs. In France, the cost of caring for patients with ESKD was estimated at €4.1 billion in 2019, which is 2.5% of the total budget of the health insurance funds that is spent on 1.4% of the general population. Health care systems must attempt to provide appropriate, high-quality, and economically sustainable care that meets the needs and desires of patients with ESKD. Patients aspire to remain independent if at all possible, continuing to have a social life and pursue their profession.1, 2, 3 The objective of this study was to compare the cost of 4 dialysis modalities that enable patients to play a substantial role in their own care and have social and professional lives. The dialysis modalities include the following: (i) nonassisted hemodialysis in self-care units (scHD), (ii) nonassisted automated peritoneal dialysis (naAPD), (iii) daily home hemodialysis (dhHD), and (iv) non–facility-based nocturnal extended hours hemodialysis (neHD) (Supplementary Population and Method). (introd.)