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Communication Dans Un Congrès Année : 2022

Self organized peripheries in Mediterranean cities. Examples from Rome and Jerusalem.

Résumé

Mediterranean cities, both on the northern and the southern shores, present paradoxical situations in what concerns the contrasts between central and peripheral areas. A millennia-old urban history shaped the inner city (Hakim 1988, 2014, Caniggia and Maffei 1979), whereas overall weak regulatory frameworks and attempts of forced modernization produced patchworks of informal, deregulated neighborhoods and of top-down planned urban projects. Consequently, self-organized peripherical neighborhoods are a result of this phase of expansion, where inhabitants themselves decided to build their own neighborhoods to meet their day-to-day needs. The paper will focus on case studies from Rome (Italy), and Jerusalem (Palestine). Both cities have vast swaths of self-organized urban expansion amidst the failure of the official planning system to accommodate inhabitants within the city. Our hypothesis is that the observed forms of these deregulated settlements are the product of a mix of two processes: self-constructed popular urbanization (Streule et al. 2020) and informal but market-driven and developer-lead plot-by-plot urbanization (Karaman et al. 2020), which have also been studied in Turkey and in other emerging countries. However, each case has its specificities in terms of morphological characteristics and formation. Rome experienced a huge expansion between 1950 and 1980 that the municipality was unable to cope with, failing to provide land to meet future housing needs. As a result, spontaneous neighborhoods called “borgate” emerged in vacant lands, self-build by families themselves (Vallat 1995, Farina and Villani 2017). The establishment of Borgate was gradual, residents fought for obtaining essential services, and the municipality ended up legalizing and improving the self-organized peripheral urban growth, creating social centers, and managing the neighborhoods and all their operations. In the Palestinian peripheries of Jerusalem, the political situation played a major role in complicating day-to-day life and activities, inhabitants finding their own way to fulfill their needs through a self-organized urban structure. People tend to build illegal buildings to accommodate more, and to still benefit from the proximity to the city center as well as the citizenship status. The resulting built-up area can be considered as a complex mixture of building use (commercial, residential, industrial use) accompanied by poor services and infrastructures. The two self-organized systems bring to the table different hypotheses in terms of the traditional school of urban planning and question its theories, norms approaches, especially when confronted to the top-down approach of detailed land use plans and design prescriptions. More specifically, we want to ascertain what morphological differences exist between the urban fabric which is the result of popular urbanization and plot-by-plot urbanization. The Roman and Palestinian case studies also show that these two processes are sometimes combined in space and time.
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Dates et versions

hal-03908866 , version 1 (20-12-2022)

Identifiants

  • HAL Id : hal-03908866 , version 1

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Munir Khader, Giovanni Fusco. Self organized peripheries in Mediterranean cities. Examples from Rome and Jerusalem.. 6th ISUFItaly International Conference. Morphology and Urban Design. New strategies for a changing society., Jun 2022, Bologna, Italy. ⟨hal-03908866⟩
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