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Rapport Année : 2022

Ethereum Proof-of-Stake under Scrutiny

Résumé

Ethereum has undergone a recent change called the Merge, which made Ethereum a Proof-of-Stake blockchain shifting closer to BFT consensus. Ethereum, which wished to keep the best of the two protocols designs (BFT and Nakomoto-style), now has an involved consensus protocol as its core. The result is a blockchain being possibly produced in a tree-like form while participants try to finalize blocks. Several attacks jeopardizing liveness have been found in this new setting. The Ethereum community has responded by creating a patch. We discovered a new attack on the patched protocol. To support our analysis, we propose a new formalization of the properties of liveness and availability of the Ethereum blockchain, and we provide a pseudo-code. We believe this formalization to be helpful for other analyses as well. Our results yield that the Ethereum Proof-of-Stake has probabilistic liveness, influenced by the parameter describing the time frame allowed for validators to change their mind about the current main chain.
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Dates et versions

hal-03821290 , version 1 (28-10-2022)
hal-03821290 , version 2 (11-09-2023)

Identifiants

Citer

Ulysse Pavloff, Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou, Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni. Ethereum Proof-of-Stake under Scrutiny. [Technical Report] CEA DILS. 2022. ⟨hal-03821290v1⟩
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