Projective classes as images of accessible functors
Résumé
We are dealing with projective classes (in short PC) over first-order vocabularies with no restrictions on the (possibly infinite) arities of relation or operation symbols.
We verify that PC(L_{\infty\lambda})=RPC(L_{\infty\lambda}) for any infinite cardinal \lambda, and that if \lambda, is singular, then PC(L_{\infty\lambda})=PC(L_{\infty\lambda^+}).
If \lambda is regular, then a class of structures over a \lambda-ary vocabulary is PC(L_{\infty\lambda})-definable iff it is the image of a \lambda-continuous functor on a \lambda-accessible category.
It follows that many PC classes of structures, previously known not to be closed under elementary equivalence over any L_{\infty\lambda}, are not co-PC over L_{\infty\infty}.
Those classes arise from diverse contexts including convex l-subgroup lattices of lattice-ordered groups, ideal lattices of rings, nonstable K_0-theory of rings, coordinatization of sectionally complemented modular lattices, and real spectra of commutative unital rings.
For example, the class of posets of finitely generated two-sided ideals of all unital rings is PC but not co-PC over L_{\infty\infty}.
We also provide a negative solution to a problem, raised in~2011 by Gillibert and the author, asking for an extension of the condensate construction to commutative diagrams indexed by arbitrary bounded posets.
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