Tropical and subtropical Asia's valued tree species under threat
Hannes Gaisberger
(1, 2)
,
Tobias Fremout
(3, 4)
,
Chris Kettle
(2, 5)
,
Barbara Vinceti
(2)
,
Della Kemalasari
(6)
,
Tania Kanchanarak
(6, 7)
,
Evert Thomas
(4)
,
Josep Serra-Diaz
(8)
,
Jens‐christian Svenning
(9)
,
Ferry Slik
(10)
,
Wichan Eiadthong
(11)
,
Kandasamy Palanisamy
(12)
,
Gudasalamani Ravikanth
(13)
,
Vilma Bodos
(14)
,
Julia Sang
(14)
,
Rekha Warrier
(12)
,
Alison Wee
(15, 16)
,
Christian Elloran
(17)
,
Lawrence Tolentino Ramos
(18)
,
Matieu Henry
(19)
,
Md. Akhter Hossain
(20)
,
Ida Theilade
(21)
,
Simon Laegaard
(21)
,
K. Bandara
(22)
,
Dimantha Panduka Weerasinghe
(22)
,
Suchitra Changtragoon
(23)
,
Vivi Yuskianti
(24)
,
Peter Wilkie
(25)
,
Nguyen Hoang Nghia
(26)
,
Stephen Elliott
(27)
,
Greuk Pakkad
(27)
,
Pimonrat Tiansawat
(27)
,
Colin Maycock
(28)
,
Chaloun Bounithiphonh
(29)
,
Rozi Mohamed
(6)
,
M. Nazre
(6)
,
Baktiar Nur Siddiqui
(30)
,
Soon‐leong Lee
(31)
,
Chai‐ting Lee
(31)
,
Nurul Farhanah Zakaria
(31)
,
Ida Hartvig
(21)
,
Lutz Lehmann
(32)
,
Dzaeman David
(33)
,
Jens‐peter Barnekow Lillesø
(21)
,
Chhang Phourin
(34)
,
Zheng Yongqi
(35)
,
Huang Ping
(35)
,
Hugo Volkaert
(11)
,
Lars Graudal
(21, 36)
,
Arief Hamidi
(37)
,
So Thea
(34)
,
Sineath Sreng
(34)
,
David Boshier
(38)
,
Enrique Tolentino
(39)
,
Wickneswari Ratnam
(40)
,
Mu Aung
(41)
,
Michael Galante
(42)
,
Siti Fatimah Md Isa
(6)
,
Nguyen Quoc Dung
(43)
,
Tran Thi Hoa
(44)
,
Tran Chan Le
(44)
,
Md. Danesh Miah
(45)
,
Abdul Lateef Mohd Zuhry
(46)
,
Deepani Alawathugoda
(46)
,
Amelia Azman
(31)
,
Gamini Pushpakumara
(47)
,
Nur Sumedi
(24)
,
Iskandar Siregar
(48)
,
Hong Kyung Nak
(49)
,
Jean Linsky
(50)
,
Megan Barstow
(51)
,
Lian Pin Koh
(52)
,
Riina Jalonen
(6)
1
PLUS -
Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg = Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg
2 Alliance - Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) [Rome]
3 Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape
4 Bioversity International [Pérou]
5 D-USYS - Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich]
6 Universiti Putra Malaysia
7 University of Aberdeen
8 SILVA - SILVA
9 BIOCHANGE - Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World
10 Universiti Brunei Darussalam
11 KU - Kasetsart University [Bangkok, Thailand]
12 Institute of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breedings
13 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru 560 054, India
14 Forest Department Sarawak
15 School of environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
16 Guangxi University [Nanning]
17 ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
18 World Agroforestry Centre [Los Baños]
19 FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [France]
20 Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences
21 ITU - IT University of Copenhagen
22 Sri Lanka Forestry Institute
23 Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation [Thailand]
24 Forest Research and Development Center (FRDC) [Indonesia]
25 Royal Botanic Garden [Edinburgh]
26 Vietnamese Academy of Forest Science
27 CMU - Chiang Mai University
28 UMS - Universiti Malaysia Sabah
29 NAFRI - National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
30 Bangladesh Forest Department
31 Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia
32 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
33 Tropical Rainforest Conservation and Research Centre (TRCRC) [Malaysia]
34 IRD - Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development [Phnom Penh, Cambodia]
35 Chinese Academy of Forestry
36 ICRAF - World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya]
37 Fauna and Flora International [Cambodia]
38 University of Oxford
39 UP Los Baños - University of the Philippines Los Baños
40 UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
41 Forest Department Myanmar
42 Climate Forestry Limited, Kensington Gardens [Malaysia]
43 Forest Inventory and Planning Institute [Vietnam]
44 Vietnamese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
45 CIU - Chittagong Independent University
46 Department of Forest Conservation [Sri Lanka]
47 University of Peradeniya
48 Bogor Agricultural University - IPB (INDONESIA)
49 NiFoS - National Institute of Forest Science
50 Atlanta Botanical Garden
51 Botanic Gardens Conservation International [UK]
52 NUS - National University of Singapore
2 Alliance - Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) [Rome]
3 Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape
4 Bioversity International [Pérou]
5 D-USYS - Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich]
6 Universiti Putra Malaysia
7 University of Aberdeen
8 SILVA - SILVA
9 BIOCHANGE - Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World
10 Universiti Brunei Darussalam
11 KU - Kasetsart University [Bangkok, Thailand]
12 Institute of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breedings
13 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru 560 054, India
14 Forest Department Sarawak
15 School of environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
16 Guangxi University [Nanning]
17 ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
18 World Agroforestry Centre [Los Baños]
19 FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [France]
20 Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences
21 ITU - IT University of Copenhagen
22 Sri Lanka Forestry Institute
23 Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation [Thailand]
24 Forest Research and Development Center (FRDC) [Indonesia]
25 Royal Botanic Garden [Edinburgh]
26 Vietnamese Academy of Forest Science
27 CMU - Chiang Mai University
28 UMS - Universiti Malaysia Sabah
29 NAFRI - National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
30 Bangladesh Forest Department
31 Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia
32 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
33 Tropical Rainforest Conservation and Research Centre (TRCRC) [Malaysia]
34 IRD - Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development [Phnom Penh, Cambodia]
35 Chinese Academy of Forestry
36 ICRAF - World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya]
37 Fauna and Flora International [Cambodia]
38 University of Oxford
39 UP Los Baños - University of the Philippines Los Baños
40 UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
41 Forest Department Myanmar
42 Climate Forestry Limited, Kensington Gardens [Malaysia]
43 Forest Inventory and Planning Institute [Vietnam]
44 Vietnamese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
45 CIU - Chittagong Independent University
46 Department of Forest Conservation [Sri Lanka]
47 University of Peradeniya
48 Bogor Agricultural University - IPB (INDONESIA)
49 NiFoS - National Institute of Forest Science
50 Atlanta Botanical Garden
51 Botanic Gardens Conservation International [UK]
52 NUS - National University of Singapore
Tobias Fremout
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 819940
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0812-3027
Josep Serra-Diaz
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 170755
- IdHAL : josep-m-serra-diaz
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1988-1154
Jens‐christian Svenning
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774892
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3415-0862
Ferry Slik
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 794728
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3988-7019
Siti Fatimah Md Isa
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 819941
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6334-8915
Résumé
Tree diversity in Asia’s tropical and subtropical forests is central to nature-based solutions. Species vulnerability to multiple threats, which affectstheprovision of ecosystem services,is poorly understood. We conducteda region-wide, spatially explicit vulnerability assessment(including overexploitation, fire, overgrazing, habitat conversion, andclimate change) of63socio-economically important tree speciesselected from national priority lists and validated by anexpert network representing20 countries. Overall, 74% of the most important areas for conservation of these trees fall outside of protected areas, with species severelythreatened across 47% of their native ranges. The most imminent threats areoverexploitation and habitat conversion, with populations being severely threatened in an average of 24% and 16% of their distribution areas. Optimistically, our results predict relativelylimited overall climate change impacts, however, some of thestudy species arelikelyto lose more than 15% of their habitat by 2050 because of climate change. We pinpoint specific natural forest areas in Malaysia and Indonesia(Borneo) as hotspots for on-site conservationof forest genetic resources, more than 82% of which do not currently fall within designated protected areas. We also identify degraded lands in Indonesia (Sumatra) as priorities for restoration where planting or assisted natural regeneration will help maintain these species into the future, while croplands in Southern India are highlighted as potentially important agroforestry options.Our study highlights the need for regionally coordinated action for effective conservation and restoration.