References to the Church of Jerusalem as the “mother of all Churches” point to a spiritual meaning and have no application either in canon law or in the administrative organization of the ecclesiastical institution. From the 11th century onwards, a controversy developed on this subject between the Byzantine Church and the Roman Church, since the latter claimed a superior universal – that is “Catholic” – jurisdiction as the mother of the other Churches. The autocephalous Church of Bulgaria in turn appropriated this maternal image and applied it to the patriarchal church of Tărnovo, possibly in imitation of Saint John Lateran in Rome.