We examined changes in a microbial community in reaction to shifts in predation pressure and resources in a meso-eutrophic reservoir. Manipulations consisted of size fractionation and either in situ incubation or transplantation from the dam area to the river area, which differed in P-availability. Three treatments, in which samples were incubated for 96 h in dialysis bags, were used: a bacterivore-free (<0.8 mu m) treatment, an enhanced flagellate grazing (<5 mum) treatment and a control treatment (all bacterivores present). We monitored bacterial abundance, mean cell volume (MCV), bacterial production, protistan grazing, as well as bacterial community composition (BCC) using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes with different levels of specificity. Populations transplanted to the relatively P-rich river area showed a 3- to 6-fold increases in bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) abundance and bacterivory compared to the corresponding treatments incubated at the dam area. In the transplanted community, nearly all phylogenetic groups of bacteria distinguished showed increased growth rates, even in the top-down manipulation treatments of increased bacterivory. in contrast, at the more resource-limited dam, the top-down manipulations induced significant changes in bacterial community composition. Thus, we found that BCC changes with predation in resource-limited bacteria but that predation plays a minor role when resource limitation is relaxed.