The Eneolithic period corresponds to the end of the neolithisation process in Central Asia, assuming different situations according to the regions. In Uzbekistan, it presents a significant transformation of human societies leading to the emergence of Bronze Age cultures, such as the Oxus civilization and the Andronovo steppe complex. In the Zeravshan Valley and in the Kyzyl-Kum desert regions, this period is characterised by multiculturalism and intensive interactions between steppes and oases societies. It is thus interesting to examine this period from a Neolithic point of view, i.e. the Kel’teminar culture in Uzbekistan, considering that the last stage of this culture is fully representative of this period. These regions appear indeed as key areas to highlight the long-term genesis and evolution of significant agricultural or pastoral societies, as well as the way in which they interact.