Jetting does not cause sonoporation
Résumé
Ultrasound contrast agents consist of encapsulated bubbles in the micrometer size range. At low acoustic amplitudes these microbubbles pulsate linearly, but at high amplitudes they demonstrate highly nonlinear, destructive behaviour. Cellular drug uptake and lysis are increased under sonication, and even more so when a contrast agent is present, owing to the formation of transient porosities in the cell membrane (sonoporation). An overview is given of the physical mechanisms of microbubble behaviour. There are two hypotheses for explaining the sonoporation phenomenon, the first being bubble oscillations near a cell membrane, the second being bubble jetting through the cell membrane. Based on modelling, photography, and cellular uptake measurements, it is concluded that bubble jetting behaviour is unlikely to be the dominant sonoporation mechanism.
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