Effective networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) are explicitly recognized and called for in international biodiversity conservation strategies such as Aichi Target 11. While various indicators have been proposed to assess effectiveness of individual MPAs, no comprehensive set of indicators exists for MPA networks, particularly for qualitative targets. The qualitative elements recognize the value of social, economic, governance, and ecological factors in achieving effective biodiversity conservation. Here, we used a systematic literature review to identify indicators of MPA network effectiveness. We reviewed 64 publications and identified 48 indicators that could be aligned with the qualitative elements of Aichi Target 11. Results showed that assessments of MPA network effectiveness predominantly focused on effective management while neglecting equitable management, and integration into the wider land and seascape. Indicators tended to focus on ecological characteristics, overlooking the social, cultural and governance dimensions. Key challenges in addressing these gaps include identifying conflicting priorities and objectives in adjacent marine and land areas that interfere with cooperation and knowledge sharing, and ensuring representation from diverse areas with distinct social and ecological contexts. This study provides the first review of indicators for assessing MPA networks and should help assessing whether current and future targets are met.