Lake Bottom oxbow is a partially-filled oxbow lake within an alluvium filled sandstone canyon reach of the Dolores River in eastern Utah, USA. Two adjacent sediment cores were obtained from the Lake Bottom oxbow to better understand the depositional and environmental history of the site and region. Depositional ages were determined using radiocarbon dating (14C) of pollen extracts, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of sand, concentration of 137Cs and 210Pb radioisotopes, and the first occurrence of pollen from human-introduced crops (Zea mays) and trees and shrubs (Tamarix) found in the oxbow sediments. Age control from OSL, short-lived radioisotopes, and pollen are stratigraphically consistent and fit the geomorphic character of the partially-filled oxbow, which suggests it is a late Holocene feature. In contrast, the 14C results appear to be contaminated by old carbon and produced age overestimates of 3000–12,000 years. Our findings suggest that multiple dating methods should be employed when applying radiocarbon dating to settings that are susceptible to contamination by recycled old carbon, especially when dating pollen extracts that are difficult to determine organic purity. The OSL results suggest initial oxbow formation by 860 ± 270 yr (±2σ) and then rapidly infilled with fluvial sediment. The OSL age control indicates the oxbow formed during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, a time of enhanced summer moisture and active flooding in the Dolores River watershed. Similar low-elevation records in the arid Colorado Plateau are rare, making this site an important contribution to the regional paleoenvironmental record.