There is a relatively low amount of Middle Paleolithic sites in Europe dating to MIS 4. Of the few that exist, several of them lack evidence for anthropogenic fire, raising the question of how this period of global cooling may have affected the Neanderthal population. The Iberian Peninsula is a key area to explore this issue, as it has been considered as a glacial refugium during critical periods of the Neanderthal timeline and might therefore yield archaeological contexts in which we can explore possible changes in the behaviour and settlement patterns of Neanderthal groups during MIS 4. Here we report recent data from Abric del Pastor, a small rock shelter in Alcoy (Alicante, Spain) with a stratified deposit containing Middle Palaeolithic remains. We present absolute dates that frame the sequence within MIS 4 and multi-proxy geoarchaeological evidence of in situ anthropogenic fire, including microscopic evidence of in situ combustion residues and thermally altered sediment. We also present archaeostratigraphic evidence of recurrent, functionally diverse, brief human occupation of the rock shelter. Our results suggest that Neanderthals occupied the Central Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula during MIS 4, that these Neanderthals were not undergoing climatic stress and they were habitual fire users. Archaeological evidence across the European continent from the end of MIS 5 through MIS 4 suggests that the cooling effects of the latter in the northern hemisphere influenced the Neanderthal population. There is an apparent reduction in the number of sites suggesting population shrinkage or redistribution 1. At a regional scale, changes in behaviour have been proposed for Southwestern France, where Neanderthal occupations without fire during MIS 4 have been documented at different sites, motivating a hypothesis on the inability of these Neanderthals to make fire 2-4. This hypothesis highlights the important role of climate in shaping human behaviour. To better understand Neanderthal population dynamics and assess the degree of regional behavioural variability during critical conditions of environmental change it is important to seek evidence from the Iberian Peninsula, which has previously been considered as a refugium during cold periods, particularly the south of the peninsula 5-8 and more recently the east coast as well 9. Considerable work has been done to establish site-specific palae-oclimatic records for Iberian sites dating to MIS 5 9-13 and MIS 3, e.g. 14-19. In contrast, relatively few site-specific records exist for MIS 4 in the peninsula. This potentially hampers our understanding of the local environmental settings in which MIS 4 Neanderthal occupations occurred, as we depend on regional proxy data with coarse resolution.