Neonicotinoids act on the central nervous system, not only of insects but also of mammals. Their impact is greatest on pollinators, but also on soil invertebrates and all aquatic invertebrates. They also affect vertebrates, such as fish and common birds. The question arises as to their effects on mammals and in particular on humans. These molecules, which have contaminated the planet, pose a threat to public health. There is consensus on this point and there is an urgent need to act by giving priority to integrated pest management techniques and organic farming.