The Quijote simulations
Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro
(1)
,
Changhoon Hahn
(2)
,
Elena Massara
(1)
,
Arka Banerjee
(3)
,
Ana Maria Delgado
(4)
,
Doogesh Kodi Ramanah
(5, 6)
,
Tom Charnock
(5)
,
Elena Giusarma
(1)
,
Yin Li
(1)
,
Erwan Allys
(7)
,
Antoine Brochard
(8, 9)
,
Cora Uhlemann
(10)
,
Chi-Ting Chiang
(11)
,
Siyu He
(1)
,
Alice Pisani
(12)
,
Andrej Obuljen
(13)
,
Yu Feng
(2)
,
Emanuele Castorina
(2)
,
Gabriella Contardo
(1)
,
Christina D. Kreisch
(12)
,
Andrina Nicola
(12)
,
Justin Alsing
(1)
,
Roman Scoccimarro
(14)
,
Licia Verde
(15)
,
Matteo Viel
(16)
,
Shirley Ho
(1)
,
Stephane Mallat
(8, 17)
,
Benjamin Wandelt
(5, 1, 6)
,
David N. Spergel
(1)
1
Flatiron Institute
2 UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley]
3 Stanford University
4 City Tech - New York City College of Technology [CUNY]
5 IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
6 SU - Sorbonne Université
7 Astrophysique
8 ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris
9 DYOGENE - Dynamics of Geometric Networks
10 CAM - University of Cambridge [UK]
11 BNL - Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY]
12 Princeton University
13 University of Waterloo [Waterloo]
14 CUNY - City University of New York [New York]
15 ICCUB - Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos
16 INFN - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
17 CdF (institution) - Collège de France
2 UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley]
3 Stanford University
4 City Tech - New York City College of Technology [CUNY]
5 IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
6 SU - Sorbonne Université
7 Astrophysique
8 ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris
9 DYOGENE - Dynamics of Geometric Networks
10 CAM - University of Cambridge [UK]
11 BNL - Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY]
12 Princeton University
13 University of Waterloo [Waterloo]
14 CUNY - City University of New York [New York]
15 ICCUB - Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos
16 INFN - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
17 CdF (institution) - Collège de France
Résumé
The Quijote simulations are a set of 44,100 full N-body simulations spanning more than 7000 cosmological models in the hyperplane. At a single redshift, the simulations contain more than 8.5 trillion particles over a combined volume of 44,100 each simulation follows the evolution of 2563, 5123, or 10243 particles in a box of 1 h −1 Gpc length. Billions of dark matter halos and cosmic voids have been identified in the simulations, whose runs required more than 35 million core hours. The Quijote simulations have been designed for two main purposes: (1) to quantify the information content on cosmological observables and (2) to provide enough data to train machine-learning algorithms. In this paper, we describe the simulations and show a few of their applications. We also release the petabyte of data generated, comprising hundreds of thousands of simulation snapshots at multiple redshifts; halo and void catalogs; and millions of summary statistics, such as power spectra, bispectra, correlation functions, marked power spectra, and estimated probability density functions.