The Hot and Energetic Universe: A White Paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena+ mission
2 LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
3 DiFC - Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo]
4 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
5 IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie
6 CAL - Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory
7 Department of Astrophysical Sciences [Princeton]
8 DAP - Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP)
9 CASSIOPEE - Laboratoire de Cosmologie, Astrophysique Stellaire & Solaire, de Planétologie et de Mécanique des Fluides
10 ICC - Institute for Computational Cosmology
11 DF-Roma3 - Dipartimento de Fisica Roma Tre
12 MSSL - Mullard Space Science Laboratory
13 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen = Technical University Munich = Université Technique de Munich
14 DTU Space - National Space Institute [Lyngby]
15 AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation
16 SRON - SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
17 MPE - Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik
18 Department of Physics [Durham University]
19 EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
20 TMU - Tokyo Metropolitan University [Tokyo]
21 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState]
22 IRAM - Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique
23 MPIA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie = Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
24 Department of Physics [Coral Gables]
25 LUTH (UMR_8102) - Laboratoire Univers et Théories
26 ObAS - Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg
27 IRF - Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna]
28 ASU / CAS - Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
29 HELIOS - LATMOS
30 OBSPM - Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon
31 CENBG - Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan
32 OAPa - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo
33 Cavendish Laboratory
34 Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma, Italia] = University of Rome Tor Vergata [Rome, Italy] = Université de Rome Tor Vergata [Rome, Italie]
35 MPA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
36 Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège]
37 CfA - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
38 Observatoire de Paris
39 IPAG - Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
40 CAB - Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid]
41 Leiden Observatory [Leiden]
42 School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton]
43 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
44 Department of Computer Science
45 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University [State College, PA]
46 AI PANNEKOEK - Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek
47 IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
48 LLNL - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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Abstract
This White Paper, submitted to the recent ESA call for science themes to define its future large missions, advocates the need for a transformational leap in our understanding of two key questions in astrophysics: 1) How does ordinary matter assemble into the large scale structures that we see today? 2) How do black holes grow and shape the Universe? Hot gas in clusters, groups and the intergalactic medium dominates the baryonic content of the local Universe. To understand the astrophysical processes responsible for the formation and assembly of these large structures, it is necessary to measure their physical properties and evolution. This requires spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy with a factor 10 increase in both telescope throughput and spatial resolving power compared to currently planned facilities. Feedback from supermassive black holes is an essential ingredient in this process and in most galaxy evolution models, but it is not well understood. X-ray observations can uniquely reveal the mechanisms launching winds close to black holes and determine the coupling of the energy and matter flows on larger scales. Due to the effects of feedback, a complete understanding of galaxy evolution requires knowledge of the obscured growth of supermassive black holes through cosmic time, out to the redshifts where the first galaxies form. X-ray emission is the most reliable way to reveal accreting black holes, but deep survey speed must improve by a factor ~100 over current facilities to perform a full census into the early Universe. The Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena+) mission provides the necessary performance (e.g. angular resolution, spectral resolution, survey grasp) to address these questions and revolutionize our understanding of the Hot and Energetic Universe. These capabilities will also provide a powerful observatory to be used in all areas of astrophysics.
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