Symanzik polynomials are defined on Feynman graphs and they are used in quantum field theory to compute Feynman amplitudes. They also appear in mathematics from different perspective. For example, recent results show that they allow to describe asymptotic limits of geometric quantities associated to families of Riemann surfaces. In this paper, we propose a generalization of Symanzik polynomials to the setting of higher dimensional simplicial complexes and study their basic properties and applications. We state a duality relation between these generalized Symanzik polynomials and what we call Kirchhoff polynomials, which have been introduced in recent generalizations of Kirchhoff's matrix-tree theorem to simplicial complexes. Moreover, we obtain geometric invariants which compute interesting data on triangulable manifolds. As the name indicates, these invariants do not depend on the chosen triangulation. We furthermore prove a stability theorem concerning the ratio of Symanzik polynomials which extends a stability theorem of Amini to higher dimensional simplicial complexes. In order to show that theorem, we will make great use of matroids, and provide a complete classification of the connected components of the exchange graph of a matroid, a result we hope could be of independent interest. Finally, we give some idea on how to generalize Symanzik polynomials to the setting of matroids over hyperfields defined recently by Baker and Bowler.